Alphavirus vectors and vaccination

Rayner, Jonathan O.; Dryga, Sergey A.; Kamrud, Kurt I.

doi:10.1002/rmv.360

Cited by 181Mosquito-borne diseases and controlViral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in InsectsPoxvirus research and outbreaks

Alphavirus vectors and vaccination

Rayner, Jonathan O., Dryga, Sergey A., Kamrud, Kurt I.·2002·Reviews in Medical Virology

DOI 10.1002/rmv.360

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Abstract

Alphaviruses are positive‐stranded RNA viruses that have a broad host range and therefore are capable of replicating in many vertebrate and invertebrate cells. The single‐stranded alphavirus genome is divided into two ORFs. The first ORF encodes the nonstructural proteins that are translated upon entry of the virus into the cytoplasm and are responsible for transcription and replication of viral RNA. The second ORF is under the control of a subgenomic promoter and normally encodes the structural proteins, which are responsible for encapsidation of viral RNA and final assembly into enveloped particles. Expression vectors have been engineered from at least three alphaviruses in which the structural protein gene region has been replaced by heterologous genes and have been shown to express high levels of the heterologous protein in cultured cells. These RNA vectors, known as replicons, are capable of replicating on their own but are not packaged into virus‐like particles unless the structural proteins are provided in trans . Thus, replicons are single cycle vectors incapable of spreading from infected to noninfected cells. Because of these features, alphavirus replicon vectors are being developed as a platform vaccine technology for numerous viral, bacterial, protozoan and tumour antigens where they have been shown to be efficient inducers of both humoral and T cell responses. In addition, as the alphavirus structural proteins are not expressed in vaccine recipients, antivector immune responses are generally minimal, allowing for multiple effective immunisations of the same individual. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Injection of naked mRNA or self-amplifying RNA in vivo induces gene expression and generates immune responses, with self-amplifying RNA being more efficient for gene expression in situ.
“Injection of naked mRNA or self-amplifying RNA in vivo induces gene expression and generates immune responses (4, 11-13), with self-amplifying RNA being more efficient for gene expression in situ (13,14).”
From Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines (2012) · cites this paper as [11]
VRPs are potent vaccines in mice, nonhuman primates, and humans.
“VRPs are potent vaccines in mice (10,11), nonhuman primates (11,22), and humans (25).”
From Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines (2012) · cites this paper as [11]

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Authors: Rayner, J. O., Dryga, S. A., & Kamrud, K. I.
Affiliations: AlphaVax (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: Rayner, Jonathan O.
ORCID: Rayner, Jonathan O.
Kamrud, Kurt I.
Venue: Reviews in Medical Virology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-08-29
Volume: 12
Issue: 5
Pages: 279-296
ISSN: 1052-9276 (ISSN-L)
1099-1654
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.360
OpenAlex: W2023245875
Cited by: 181
References: 146
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 1.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Reviews in Medical Virology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in Insects
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Poxvirus research and outbreaks
Keywords: alphavirus, vaccine vectors, heterologous expression, structural proteins, non-structural proteins, subgenomic promoter
MeSH terms: Alphavirus, Animals, Communicable Disease Control, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Replicon, Vaccination, Vaccines, Synthetic, Vaccines, DNA

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Alphavirus vectors and vaccination

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