C957T polymorphism of dopamine D2 receptor gene affects striatal DRD2 in vivo availability by changing the receptor affinity
Abstract
The C957T polymorphism of the human dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) regulates DRD2 availability in striatum in vivo. Specifically, the T allele predicts high DRD2 availability in healthy volunteers (T/T>T/C>C/C). However, this finding was unexpected as in vitro the T allele is associated with a decrease in DRD2 mRNA stability and synthesis of the receptor through a putative alteration in the receptor mRNA folding. To elucidate further how changes in DRD2 density (B(max)) and affinity (K(D)) contribute to the differences in DRD2 availability between the C957T genotypes, we studied these parameters separately in a sample of 45 healthy volunteers. The subjects had two PET scans with [(11)C]raclopride (high and low specific radioactivity scans) for the estimation of B(max) and K(D), and were genotyped for the C957T. Moreover, the role of the related and previously studied functional TaqIA polymorphism of ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) gene was reassessed for comparative purposes. The results indicate that the C957T increased binding potential by decreasing DRD2 K(D) (C/C>C/T>T/T), while B(max) was not significantly altered. These preliminary findings indicate that the C957T genotype-dependent changes in DRD2 availability are driven by alterations in receptor affinity and putatively in striatal dopamine levels. This mechanism seems to differ from that observed previously for the ANKK1 gene TaqIA polymorphism, where the minor allele (A1) affects DRD2 availability predominantly by changing B(max). The hypothesis that the two SNPs may have independent effects on dopamine neurotransmission needs to be further tested.
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A second polymorphism associated with decreased cortical and thalamic D2-receptor availability is related to poor action cancelation.
“A second polymorphism, which has been associated with decreased cortical and thalamic D2-receptor availability (Hirvonen et al., 2009), was also related to poor action cancelation (Colzato et al., 2010).”
From Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Hirvonen et al., 2009
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“aimed at investigating how affinity (KD) and/or D2 receptor density (Bmax) is related to C957T genotype (Hirvonen et al., 2009).”
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“Intriguingly, extrastriatal D2/D3R availability, as measured by PET with [11C]FLB457, was elevated in A11 relative to A12 (Hirvonen et al., 2009b), indicating that there may be differential regulation of D2/D3R across brain regions by DRD2/ ANKK1 TaqIA allele status.”
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“A low number of D2 receptors ( Hirvonen et al. 2009 ; Noble et al.”
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“The DRD2 gene includes a functional 957 C > T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP-ID: rs6277) that affects levels and stability of mRNA and has been associated with 15–20% enhanced striatal D 2 receptor availability in C-allele carriers compared to T-allele carriers 43 .”
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“High BPND-values can be observed in individuals in which ligand affinity is high, presumably as a consequence to low dopamine levels (Hirvonen et al. 2009).”
BackgroundDosSantos, M. F. H., Oliveira, A. T., Ferreira, N. R., Carvalho, A. C. P., & Rosado-de-Castro, P. H. (2018) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2018/2368386 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Profiles of Older Adults with Working-Memory Dysfunction
Salami, A., Rieckmann, A., Karalija, N., Avelar‐Pereira, B., Andersson, M., Wåhlin, A., Papenberg, G., Garrett, D. D., Riklund, K., Lövdén, M., et al. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy062 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the D2receptor gene and in proteins relevant to DA-signaling pathways are other examples of genes associated with WM performance, as well as with brain structure and function and neurochemistry (Hirvonen et al. 2009; Colzato et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMagistrelli, L., Ferrari, M., Furgiuele, A., Milner, A. V., Contaldi, E., Comi, C., Cosentino, M., & Marino, F. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22073781 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Genetics of Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain: Update and Current Perspectives
Kao, A. C.-C., & Müller, D. J. (2013) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs.13.207 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Colzato, L. S., Slagter, H. A., de Rover, M., & Hommel, B. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00049 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Comi, C., Ferrari, M., Marino, F., Magistrelli, L., Cantello, R. M., Riboldazzi, G., Bianchi, M., Bono, G. G., & Cosentino, M. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18020242 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“rs6277 957C>T 50 (%) Decreased DR D2 mRNA stability and translation, and reduced dopamine-induced up-regulation of DR D2 membrane expression in vitro [19], and lower DR D2 expression in cortex and thalamus of healthy subjects [20].”
Patte, K. A., Davis, C. A., Levitan, R. D., Kaplan, A. S., Carter, J. C., & Kennedy, J. L. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715618793 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“The DRD2 C957T (rs6277) is an SNP in exon 7 for which the T allele has been associated with greater DRD2 receptor density and striatal binding potential (Hirvonen et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPapenberg, G., Bäckman, L., Nagel, I. E., Nietfeld, W., Schröder, J., Bertram, L., Heekeren, H. R., Lindenberger, U., & Li, S. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00359 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“In white samples, DRD2 C/T heterozygotes are most frequent, followed by T/T homozygotes and C/C homozygotes (Hirvonen, Lumme, et al., 2009).”
BackgroundKlaus, K., Butler, K., Curtis, F., Bridle, C., & Pennington, K. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.021 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…meta-analysis found that Taq1A minor allele (A1) is associated with decreased striatal D2 binding potential (Gluskin & Mickey, 2017) and C957T has similarly been associated with D2 binding potential in both striatal (Hirvonen et al., 2004, 2005) and extrastriatal regions (Hirvonen et al., 2009b).”
BackgroundInfluentialColzato, L. S., Steenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., Stock, A., Arning, L., & Beste, C. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.06.010 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Walter, N. T., Markett, S. A., Montag, C., & Reuter, M. (2010) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2010.527169 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“( 2009 ) have shown that the C-allele of the DRD2 c975t polymorphism is linked to a reduced D2 receptor affinity compared to the TT-genotype.”
BackgroundMalén, T., Karjalainen, T., Isojärvi, J., Vehtari, A., Bürkner, P.-C., Putkinen, V., Kaasinen, V., Hietala, J., Nuutila, P., Rinne, J., et al. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119149 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationKlaus, K., Butler, K., Durrant, S. J., Ali, M., Inglehearn, C. F., Hodgson, T. L., Gutiérrez, H., & Pennington, K. (2017) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.695 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Hirvonen, M., Någren, K., Rinne, J. O., Pesonen, U., Vahlberg, T. J., Hagelberg, N. M., & Hietala, J. A. (2009) · Molecular Imaging and Biology · doi:10.1007/s11307-009-0257-5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationEny, K. M., Corey, P., & El‐Sohemy, A. (2009) · Lifestyle Genomics · doi:10.1159/000276991 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“One explanation proposed to explain the higher TT binding potential in the striatum came from a recent follow-up study demonstrating that the DRD2 dissociation constant is lowest for subjects homozygous for the T allele and highest for individuals homozygous for the C allele, whereas DRD2 density does not differ [”
BackgroundMapping the landscape of human dopamine D2/3 receptors with [11C]raclopride
Papenberg, G., Jonasson, L. S., Karalija, N., Johansson, J. J., Köhncke, Y., Salami, A., Andersson, M., Axelsson, J., Wåhlin, A., Riklund, K., et al. (2019) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-019-01938-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gurvich, C., & Rossell, S. L. (2015) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.045 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Constraints on decision making: Implications from genetics, personality, and addiction
Baker, T. E., Stockwell, T. R., & Holroyd, C. B. (2013) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0164-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Papenberg, G., Karalija, N., Salami, A., Rieckmann, A., Andersson, M., Axelsson, J., Riklund, K., Lindenberger, U., Lövdén, M., Nyberg, L. H., et al. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz142 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Indeed, studies have demonstrated interindividual differences in [11C] raclopride affinity (Hirvonen et al. 2009), which are likely related to differences in extracellular DA levels.”
BackgroundDepressive rumination and the C957T polymorphism of the DRD2 gene
Whitmer, A. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-012-0112-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…study is that because the C957T polymorphism of the DRD2 gene affects DRD2 function (i.e., DRD2 availability and mRNA translation and stability; Duan et al., 2003; Hirvonen et al., 2005, 2009), our results suggest that DRD2 function influences frequency of rumination in depressed individuals.”
TRACK-TBI Investigators, Yue, J. K., Winkler, E. A., Rick, J. W., Burke, J. F., McAllister, T. W., Oh, S. S., Burchard, E. G., Hu, D., Rosand, J. M., et al. (2016) · Neurogenetics · doi:10.1007/s10048-016-0500-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“First, although it has been speculated that patients’ genotypes can alter the magnitude dopamine expression and dopamine binding, which could change the course of their recovery [46], other studies have shown that C957T is associated with increased risk for some neuropsychiatric diseases [25, 47].”
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Peripheral Dopamine
Moore, S. C., de Castro, P. A. S. V., Yaqub, D., José, P. A., & Armando, I. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241813816 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Markett, S. A., Montag, C., Walter, N. T., & Reuter, M. (2010) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.10.011 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“While the molecular consequences of the DRD2 rs6277 SNP are well documented (Hirvonen et al., 2009), the opposite is true for CHRNA4 rs1044396.”
BackgroundThe behavioral economics of reinforcement pathologies: Novel approaches to addictive disorders.
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., MacKillop, J. M., Epstein, L. H., Carr, K. A., Mueller, E. T., & Waltz, T. J. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13750-014 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Jonasson, L. S., Nyberg, L. H., Axelsson, J., Kramer, A. F., Riklund, K., & Boraxbekk, C. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116044 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Individual differences in flow proneness are linked to a dopamine D2 receptor gene variant
Gyurkovics, M., Kótyuk, E., Katonai, R., Horvath, E. Z., Vereczkei, A., & Székely, A. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.02.014 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The present findings link higher flow proneness to a genotype associated with lower striatal D2 receptor availability (as demonstrated by Hirvonen et al., 2004, 2005, 2009).”
Markett, S. A., Reuter, M., Montag, C., & Weber, B. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.059 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“This in vitro work is complemented by positron emission tomography (PET) studies that demonstrate the functional significance of the SNP for D2 receptor functioning in vivo: Carriers of the C-allele show a reduced density and affinity of D2 receptors in the striatum (Hirvonen et al., 2004, 2009).”
BackgroundC957T polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with motor learning and heart rate
Huertas, E., Bühler, K., Echeverry‐Alzate, V., Giménez, T., & López‐Moreno, J. A. (2012) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00793.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“The striatal DRD2 receptors of C homozygous individuals, due to their affinity, may result in optimized G-protein-coupled signalling and in more efficient learning (Hirvonen et al. 2005, 2009a,b; see also Frank & Hutchison 2009).”
BackgroundRichter, A., Barman, A., Wüstenberg, T., Soch, J., Schanze, D., Deibele, A., Behnisch, G., Assmann, A., Klein, M., Zenker, M., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00654 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Han, Y., Liu, X., Chen, J., Yuan, Z., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mota, N. R., Rovaris, D. L., Kappel, D. B., Picon, F. A., Vitola, E. S., Salgado, C. A. I., Karam, R. G., Rohde, L. A., Grevet, E. H., & Bau, C. H. D. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32317 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In vivo studies, for example, showed that the DRD2 rs6277 C allele affects DRD2 receptor binding potential in striatal regions, but probably not in the same way as ANKK1 rs1800497 SNP [Hirvonen et al., 2004, 2005, 2009].”
BackgroundSmoking and Cognitive Function Among Middle-Aged Adults in China
Song, G., Tang, X., Wei, Z., Dune, L. S., Liu, T., Li, J., & Li, C. (2020) · Journal of Addictions Nursing · doi:10.1097/jan.0000000000000352 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Third, it is possible that nicotine may have different effects on cognition based on people's distinctive cognition-related genotypes as suggested by prior studies (Hirvonen et al., 2009).”
ResultRichter, A., Guitart‐Masip, M., Barman, A., Libeau, C., Behnisch, G., Czerney, S., Schanze, D., Assmann, A., Klein, M., Düzel, E., et al. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00140 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hwang, R., de Souza, R. P., Tiwari, A. K., Zai, C. C. H., Müller, D. J., Potkin, S. G., Lieberman, J. A., Meltze, H. Y., & Kennedy, J. L. (2011) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs.10.182 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dopaminergic neurotransmission and genetic variation in chronification of post-surgical pain
van Reij, R. R. I., Joosten, E. A. J., & van den Hoogen, N. J. (2019) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.07.028 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Markett, S. A., de Reus, M. A., Reuter, M., Montag, C., Weber, B., Schoene‐Bake, J., & van den Heuvel, M. P. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This increase in binding potential was largely driven by decreases in receptor a ffi nity but not availability, a pattern which is likely to re fl ect less competition between tonic dopamine and tracer molecules for binding sites (Hirvonen et al., 2009).”
Hagerty, S. L., YorkWilliams, S. L., Bidwell, L. C., Weiland, B. J., Sabbineni, A., Blaine, S. K., Bryan, A. D., & Hutchison, K. E. (2018) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12684 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Li, N., Cao, T., Wu, X., Tang, M., Xiang, D., & Cai, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01669 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mohammadi, H., Joghataei, M. T., Rahimi, Z., Faghihi, F., Khazaie, H., Farhangdoost, H., & Mehrpour, M. (2017) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2017.09.004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Neuroimaging in Psychiatric Pharmacogenetics Research: The Promise and Pitfalls
Falcone, M., Smith, R. M., Chenoweth, M. J., Bhattacharjee, A. K., Kelsoe, J. R., Tyndale, R. F., & Lerman, C. E. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.152 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Breckel, T. P. K., Gießing, C., Gieseler, A., Querbach, S., Reuter, M., & Thiel, C. M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126460 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
DRD2 and DRD4 genes related to cognitive deficits in HIV-infected adults who abuse alcohol
Villalba, K., Dévieux, J. G., Rosenberg, R., & Cadet, J. L. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-015-0072-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“These differences may be related to SNP rs6277 in the DRD2 gene that changes the receptor’s affinity and regulates the DRD2 availability, but its effect differs depending on the brain region under investigation [55, 56].”
BackgroundDopamine 2 Receptor Genes Are Associated with Raised Blood Glucose in Schizophrenia
Lawford, B. R., Barnes, M., Morris, C. P., Noble, E. P., Nyst, P., Heslop, K., Young, R. M., Voisey, J., & Connor, J. P. (2016) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743716644765 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Polymorphisms of dopamine receptor genes and risk of visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s patients
Ferrari, M., Comi, C., Marino, F., Magistrelli, L., Marchi, F. D., Cantello, R. M., Riboldazzi, G., Bono, G., & Cosentino, M. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-016-2111-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“rs6277 957C > T 50 (%) Decreased DR D2 mRNA stability and translation, and reduced dopamine-induced up-regulation of DR D2 membrane expression in vitro [33], and lower DR D2 expression in cortex and thalamus of healthy subjects [34].”
Genetic variations in dopamine and inhibitory control: Lack of influence on action restraint
Gurvich, C., & Rossell, S. L. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.015 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dopamine and Working Memory: Genetic Variation, Stress and Implications for Mental Health
Klaus, K., & Pennington, K. (2019) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2019_113 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mitchell, J., Grossman, L. E., Coker, A. R., & Messing, R. O. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e318248ba69 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Of interest, persons homozygous for Taq1A A2 or C957T T alleles show increased dopamine D2 receptor availability on positron emission tomography studies.(22,24) In addition, levetiracetam is being used off-label to treat dyskinesias that complicate treatment of Parkinson disease with dopaminergic agonists.”
BackgroundHe, M., Yan, H., Duan, Z., Qü, W., Gong, H.-Y., Fan, Z.-L., Kang, J., Li, B., & Wang, J.-M. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yildirim, B. O., & Derksen, J. J. L. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lira, S. S., & Ahammad, I. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02715-z · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Pharmacogenetics of D2 dopamine receptor gene in prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas
Filopanti, M., Lania, A. G., & Spada, A. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology · doi:10.1517/17425250903352501 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sensorimotor gating and D2 receptor signalling: evidence from a molecular genetic approach
Völter, C. J., Riedel, M. J., Wöstmann, N. M., Aichert, D. S., Lobo, S. E. M., Costa, A. C. L., Schmechtig, A., Collier, D. A., Hartmann, A. M., Giegling, I., et al. (2012) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145711001787 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Persson, J., & Stenfors, C. U. D. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201837 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Genetic Addiction Risk and Psychological Profiling Analyses for “Preaddiction” Severity Index
Blum, K., Han, D. C., Bowirrat, A., Downs, B. W., Bagchi, D., Thanos, P. K., Baron, D. A., Braverman, E. R., Dennen, C. A., Gupta, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12111772 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have linked Taq1A to reduced DRD2 densities and binding affinity [70,71], implying a direct or indirect influence on the dopamine concentration in the synaptic clefts.”
BackgroundNaß, J., & Efferth, T. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x15666161111113514 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“with decreased DRD2 mRNA stability, decreased DRD2 translation and diminished dopamine binding [89].”
BackgroundKaralija, N., Papenberg, G., Wåhlin, A., Johansson, J. J., Andersson, M., Axelsson, J., Riklund, K., Lövdén, M., Lindenberger, U., Bäckman, L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01354 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Impact of dopamine-related genetic variants on physical activity in old age – a cohort study
Dohrn, I., Papenberg, G., WINKLER, E. A. H., & Welmer, A. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-00971-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“[46]) and worse outcomes on cognition (e.”
Duan, Z., He, M., Zhang, J., Chen, K., Li, B., & Wang, J. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.066 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Modulation of nicotine effects on selective attention by DRD2 and CHRNA4 gene polymorphisms
Ahrens, S., Markett, S. A., Breckel, T. P. K., Behler, O., Reuter, M., & Thiel, C. M. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-3869-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Markett et al. (2010; 2011; 2013) investigated the effects of variation in CHRNA4 rs1044396 and DRD2 rs6277, which is located on chromosome 11 at q23 and known to impact dopaminergic signalling (Hirvonen et al. 2009a, b).”
BackgroundGong, L., He, C., Yin, Y., Wang, H. Z., Ye, Q., Bai, F., Yuan, Y., Zhang, H., Lv, L., Zhang, H., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00292 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“For example, the C allele of theDRD2 gene polymorphism (rs6277) is associated with low striatal DRD2 availability and affects receptor affinity, with higher levels of depressive rumination in depressed individuals (Hirvonen et al., 2004, 2009; Whitmer and Gotlib, 2012).”
BackgroundClinical and Experimental Human Sleep-Wake Pharmacogenetics
Landolt, H., Holst, S. C., & Valomon, A. (2018) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2018_175 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dazed and confused: A molecular genetic approach to everyday cognitive failure
Markett, S. A., Montag, C., Diekmann, C., & Reuter, M. (2014) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.052 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
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Shumay, E., Wiers, C. E., Kojori, E. S., Kim, S. W., Hodgkinson, C. A., Sun, H., Tomasi, D. G., Wong, C., Weinberger, D. R., Wang, G., et al. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3155-16.2017 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…in DRD2 expression in the healthy human brain have mostly focused on the ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 gene (ANKK1) variant rs1800497 (i.e., Taq1A polymorphism; Pohjalainen et al., 1998; Jönsson et al., 1999; Hirvonen et al., 2009; Savitz et al., 2013b; Eisenstein et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLiu, X., Hou, Z., Yin, Y., Xie, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, H., Zhang, Z., & Yuan, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591407 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“5 GG = 0 A allele predicted high DRD2 availability in healthy volunteers (17).”
Background
- Authors
- Hirvonen, M. M., Laakso, A., Någren, K., Rinne, J. O., Pohjalainen, T., & Hietala, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Turku (FI)
- Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
- Turku University Hospital (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Hietala, Jarmo
- Venue
- Synapse
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-07-06
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 907-912
- ISSN
- 0887-4476 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2396
- OpenAlex
- W2141743203
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 5.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Synapse (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Keywords
- dopamine D2 receptor, DRD2 gene, striatum, receptor availability, receptor binding affinity, binding potential, dopamine signaling, genetic polymorphism
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Carbon Isotopes, Corpus Striatum, Female, Genotype, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Protein Binding, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Statistics, Nonparametric, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Raclopride, Positron-Emission Tomography, Young Adult
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