Dopaminergic Genes Predict Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Confirmation Bias
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The striatum is critical for the incremental learning of values associated with behavioral actions. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) represents abstract rules and explicit contingencies to support rapid behavioral adaptation in the absence of cumulative experience. Here we test two alternative models of the interaction between these systems, and individual differences thereof, when human subjects are instructed with prior information about reward contingencies that may or may not be accurate. Behaviorally, subjects are overly influenced by prior instructions, at the expense of learning true reinforcement statistics. Computational analysis found that this pattern of data is best accounted for by a confirmation bias mechanism in which prior beliefs—putatively represented in PFC—influence the learning that occurs in the striatum such that reinforcement statistics are distorted. We assessed genetic variants affecting prefrontal and striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission. A polymorphism in the COMT gene (rs4680), associated with prefrontal dopaminergic function, was predictive of the degree to which participants persisted in responding in accordance with prior instructions even as evidence against their veracity accumulated. Polymorphisms in genes associated with striatal dopamine function (DARPP-32, rs907094, and DRD2, rs6277) were predictive of learning from positive and negative outcomes. Notably, these same variants were predictive of the degree to which such learning was overly inflated or neglected when outcomes are consistent or inconsistent with prior instructions. These findings indicate dissociable neurocomputational and genetic mechanisms by which initial biases are strengthened by experience.
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Expectations could influence the impact of prediction errors by modulating learning rates, boosting learning for adjustments aligned with expected outcomes and reducing learning when outcomes deviate from expectations.
“Second, expectations could influence the impact of prediction errors by modulating learning rates, boosting learning for adjustments aligned with expected outcomes and reducing learning when the outcomes deviate from expectations (12, 48).”
From Social information creates self-fulfilling prophecies in judgments of pain, vicarious pain, and cognitive effort (2026) · cites this paper as [12]
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Trempler, I., Bürkner, P.-C., El-Sourani, N., Binder, E., Reker, P., Fink, G. R., & Schubotz, R. I. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116674 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Yazdanpanah, A., Jung, H., Soltani, A., & Wager, T. D. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2513856123 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Doll, B. B., Hutchison, K. E., & Frank, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-04-20
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 6188-6198
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3098533
- OpenAlex
- W2027916800
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 7.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh080066-10, R01MH080066, R01 MH080066-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH080066, R01MH080066-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- confirmation bias, dopamine signaling, individual differences, COMT gene, COMT Val158Met polymorphism, DARPP-32, DRD2, striatum, prefrontal cortex, reinforcement learning, prior beliefs, reward contingency, genetic polymorphism, computational models of learning
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Catechol O-Methyltransferase, Cognition, Corpus Striatum, Dopamine, Female, Genotype, Humans, Individuality, Learning, Male, Models, Psychological, Neuropsychological Tests, Polymorphism, Genetic, Prefrontal Cortex, Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32
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