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Noninvasive assessment of adrenal activity associated with husbandry and behavioral factors in the North American clouded leopard population
Abstract
The North American clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) population is far from self‐sustaining. Breeding success is poor and behavioral problems (i.e., fur‐plucking, tail‐chewing, excessive hiding or pacing, and intersexual aggression that results in mate killing) are common. This study was undertaken to investigate whether some of these problems may be indicators of chronic stress (as reflected by persistently elevated glucocorticoid levels) and whether they are associated with specific management factors. A fecal corticoid metabolite assay was validated to monitor adrenal activity in clouded leopards. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenges conducted in four clouded leopards established the biological relevance of the assay system. Fecal corticoid concentrations increased 14‐fold above baseline within 24 hours after ACTH administration. Adrenal activity then was monitored in 72 (36 males; 36 females) clouded leopards (65% of the North American Species Survival Plan population) during a 6‐week period and compared to husbandry and behavior data. There was a significant (P < 0.01) gender difference in fecal corticoid concentrations, with females producing higher concentrations than males. Multiple regression analyses revealed negative associations (P < 0.01) between enclosure height, number of hours keepers spent with each animal per week, and corticoid concentrations. A positive correlation (P < 0.001) was found between the number of keepers caring for an individual and…
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“In comparison to the research that has been conducted in the domestic animal industries, research on keeper–animal interactions in zoos has received very little attention [34], with only a few studies attempting to evaluate this relationship [35,36,37,38,39,40].”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“and lower faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in clouded leopards were found to be associated with two key husbandry variables, a greater amount of time keepers spent with the leopards and a lower number of keepers caring for the animals [40]”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, Wielebnowski et al. [40] focused on faecal GC metabolite concentration but studied clouded leopards and found that animals on public display had higher average GC concentrations than animals off display.”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“Wielebnowski et al. [40] found a negative correlation between enclosure height and faecal GC concentrations in clouded leopards and interpreted enclosure height as a measure of their ability to avoid contact with other animals and humans.”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
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Whitham, J. C., & Wielebnowski, N. (2013) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2013.02.004 · Cited by 273
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Wielebnowski, N. C., Fletchall, N., Carlstead, K., Busso, J. M., & Brown, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Smithsonian Institution (US)
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (AR)
- Corresponding author
- Wielebnowski, Nadja C.
- Venue
- Zoo Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-98
- ISSN
- 0733-3188 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2361
- OpenAlex
- W1986329846
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 14.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Zoo Biology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- Neofelis nebulosa, adrenal function, chronic stress, captive husbandry, animal welfare, ACTH challenge, zoo animal management, species survival plan
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