Visible burrow system as a model of chronic social stress: behavioral and neuroendocrine correlates
Open accessAbstract
In mixed-sex rat groups maintained in visible burrow systems (VBS), consistent asymmetries in offensive and defensive behaviors of male dyads are associated with the development of dominance hierarchies. Subordinate males are characterized by particular wound patterns, severe weight loss, and a variety of behavioral changes, many of them isomorphic to target symptoms of clinical depression. In two VBS studies, subordinate males showed increased basal levels of plasma corticosterone (CORT), and increased adjusted adrenal and spleen weights compared to controls, and often, to dominants as well. Thymus weights and testosterone levels of subordinates were not reliably different in one study using highly aggressive males, but were reduced, along with testes weights, in a second study using unselected males. Glucocorticoid receptor binding levels in hippocampus, hypothalamus, and pituitary were not different, nor were aldosterone levels. When tested in a restraint stress procedure, subordinates had higher basal CORT levels, but about 40% of these animals showed a reduced, or absent, CORT response to restraint. These findings indicate that subordination may be reflected in high magnitude changes consistent with physiological indices of prolonged stress. Dominant rats of such groups may also show physiological changes suggesting stress, particularly when the groups are comprised of highly aggressive males only. The VBS colony model thus appears to enable rat groups to produce natural…
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Social defeat stress provides a potential means to investigate components of the basic neuropathology underlying affective illnesses, which is providing fundamentally new information about the molecular basis of affective disorders to aid in the development of novel antidepressant treatment strategies.
“Thus, social defeat stress provides a potential means to investigate components of the basic neuropathology underlying affective illnesses8,33–36, which is providing fundamentally new information about the molecular basis of affective disorders to aid in the development of novel antidepressant treatment strategies20.”
From A standardized protocol for repeated social defeat stress in mice (2011) · cites this paper as [34]
In the visible burrow system, rats rapidly form stable dominance hierarchies.
“This can be simulated in the laboratory using a visible burrow system, a semi-naturalistic enclosure that replicates many of the challenges and opportunities of group-living in nature; in this setting, rats rapidly form stable dominance hierarchies (Fig. 3) (Blanchard et al., 1995, Blanchard et al., 1988, Opendak et al., 2016).”
From Early life adversity during the infant sensitive period for attachment: Programming of behavioral neurobiology of threat processing and social behavior (2017) · cites this paper as Blanchard et al., 1995
In LE rats in laboratory enclosure, subordinate rats have elevated CORT compared to dominants and can be prone to illness and weight loss due to chronic stress.
“When LE rats form a dominance hierarchy within a laboratory enclosure, it has been shown that subordinate rats have elevated levels of CORT compared to dominants and can be prone to illness and weight loss due to chronic stress (Blanchard et al., 1995, Hardy et al., 2002).”
From Early life adversity during the infant sensitive period for attachment: Programming of behavioral neurobiology of threat processing and social behavior (2017) · cites this paper as Blanchard et al., 1995
Cites
Bradford, M. M. (1976) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3 · Cited by 255,302 · see citing works
The Concepts of Stress and Stress System Disorders: Overview of Physical and Behavioral Homeostasis
Chrousos, G. P. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480090092034 · Cited by 2,689 · see citing works
The Neuroendocrinology of Stress and Aging: The Glucocorticoid Cascade Hypothesis
Sapolsky, R. M., Krey, L. C., & McEwen, B. S. (1986) · Science of Aging Knowledge Environment · doi:10.1126/sageke.2002.38.cp21 · Cited by 2,287 · see citing works
Self-citationAntipredator defensive behaviors in a visible burrow system
Blanchard, R. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1989) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.103.1.70 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Self-citationStress Down-Regulates Corticosterone Receptors in a Site-Specific Manner in the Brain*
Sapolsky, R. M., Krey, L. C., & McEwen, B. S. (1984) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-114-1-287 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Self-citationDominance: The baby and the bathwater
Bernstein, I. S. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00009614 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Ratka, A., Sutanto, W., Bloemers, M., & de Kloet, E. R. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000125210 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Experimental behavioral ecology and sociobiology
Slater, P. J. B. (1986) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(86)90045-x · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Functional alterations in lymphoid tissue induced by adrenal cortical secretion
Dougherty, T. F., & White, A. (1945) · American Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1002/aja.1000770104 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
(1981) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8609-1 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Spencer, R. L., Young, E. A., Choo, P. H., & McEwen, B. S. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90433-c · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationStress: Neurobiology and neuroendocrinology
Wolf, S. (1992) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(92)90218-a · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Hormonal Correlates of Agonistic Behavior in Adult Male Rats
Schuurman, T. (1980) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60079-5 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Raab, A., Dantzer, R., Michaud, B., Mormède, P., Taghzouti, K., Simon, H., & Moal, M. L. (1986) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90007-7 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Stress: Neurobiology and Neuroendocrinology
Brown, M. R., Koob, G. F., & RIVIER, C. L. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Stress‐Related Activation of Cerebral Dopaminergic Systemsa
Dunn, A. J. (1988) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb42106.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Adaptation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis to Chronic Ethanol Stress
Spencer, R. L., & McEwen, B. S. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000125632 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationLife-span studies of dominance and aggression in established colonies of laboratory rats
Blanchard, R. J., Flannelly, K. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1988) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(88)90089-3 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Blanchard, D. C., & Blanchard, R. J. (1990) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80068-5 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationSpencer, R. L., Miller, A. H., Stein, M., & McEwen, B. S. (1991) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)90463-6 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationSerotonin regulates type II corticosteroid receptor binding in hippocampal cell cultures
Mitchell, J., Rowe, W. B., Boksa, P., & Meaney, M. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-06-01745.1990 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptors in Brain by Corticosterone Treatment of Adrenalectomized Rats
Tornello, S., Ortí, E., Nicola, A. F. D., Rainbow, T. C., & McEwen, B. S. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000123429 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationRegion-selective stress-induced increase of glutamate uptake and release in rat forebrain
Gilad, G. M., Gilad, V. H., Wyatt, R. J., & Tizabi, Y. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90886-g · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Down-regulation of neural corticosterone receptors by corticosterone and dexamethasone
Sapolsky, R. M., & McEwen, B. S. (1985) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90638-9 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial structure and ethanol consumption in the laboratory rat
Blanchard, R. J., Hori, K., Tom, P., & Blanchard, D. C. (1987) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(87)90502-8 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of social conflict on POMC-derived peptides and glucocorticoids in male golden hamsters.
Huhman, K., Bunnell, B., Mougey, E., & Meyerhoff, J. L. (1990) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90023-w · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Plasma testosterone levels, depression, sexuality, and age
Yesavage, J. A., Davidson, J. M., Widrow, L., & Berger, P. A. (1985) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(85)90088-5 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Physiological effects of “social stress” in wild rats—I
Barnett, S. A. (1958) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(58)90012-6 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Rubín, R. T., Poland, R. E., & Lesser, I. M. (1989) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(89)90020-6 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
ORR, T. (1990) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0018-506x(90)90013-n · Cited by 77 · see citing works
CRF and restraint-stress decrease exploratory behavior in hypophysectomized mice
Berridge, C. W., & Dunn, A. J. (1989) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90551-0 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Social dominance and individual aggressiveness
Blanchard, R. J., Hori, K., Tom, P., & Blanchard, D. C. (1988) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1988)14:3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial stress, mortality and aggression in colonies and burrowing habitats
Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., & Flannelly, K. J. (1985) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/0376-6357(85)90062-2 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationTotal and free testosterone in depressed men
Levitt, A. J., & Joffe, R. T. (1988) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05132.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Chou, Y., & Luttge, W. G. (1988) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)91159-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Lowy, M. T. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000125336 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Corticosterone regulation of brain and lymphoid corticosteroid receptors
Lowy, M. T. (1991) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0960-0760(91)90055-a · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Effect of castration and testosterone in experimental models of depression in mice.
Bernardi, M., Genedani, S., Tagliavini, S., & Bertolini, A. (1989) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.103.5.1148 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Ellison, G. D. (1981) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(81)91364-9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
A comparison of corticoadrenal and gonadal responses to acute immobilization stress in rats and mice
Armario, A., & Castellanos, J. M. (1984) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(84)90304-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Physiological effects of “social stress” in wild rats—II
Barnett, S. A., Eaton, J. C., & McCallum, H. M. (1960) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(60)90001-5 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Young, E. A., Spencer, R. L., & McEwen, B. S. (1990) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(90)90027-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationLearned helplessness: Effects on brain monoamines and the pituitary-gonadal axis
Hellhammer, D. H., Rea, M. A., Bell, M., et al. (1984) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(84)80026-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Serum testosterone levels in post-traumatic stress disorder inpatients
Mason, J. W., Giller, E. L., Kosten, T. R., & Wahby, V. S. (1990) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/bf00974784 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Effect of castration and testosterone in experimental models of depression in mice.
Bernardi, M., Genedani, S., Tagliavini, S., et al. (1989) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.103.5.1148 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The glucocorticoid receptor at the protein level.
Litwack, G. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Alcohol-preferring rats in colonies show withdrawal, inactivity, and lowered dominance
Ellison, G. D., Levy, A. D., & Lorant, N. (1983) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(83)90237-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Social stress induced pressure breathing and consequent blood pressure oscillation
Fokkema, D. S., Koolhaas, J. M., van der Meulen, J., & Schoemaker, R. G. (1986) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(86)90036-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
DeLaHunt, J., & Mellsop, G. W. (1987) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/smi.2460030209 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hormones and Aggression in Infra-Human Vertebrates
Brain, P. F. (1981) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8609-1_14 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effects of immobilization stress on shock discrimination performance in rats
Grilly, D. M., & Dugovics, J. P. (1982) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(82)90301-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Roy, A., & Linnoila, M. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9501-1_6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A standardized protocol for repeated social defeat stress in mice
Golden, S. A., Covington, H. E., Berton, O., & Russo, S. J. (2011) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2011.361 · Cited by 1,581 · see citing works
Korte, S. M., Koolhaas, J. M., Wingfield, J. C., & McEwen, B. S. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.08.009 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial dominance and stress hormones
Creel, S. (2001) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02227-3 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
Functional Cross‐Talk Between the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Gonadal and ‐Adrenal Axes
Viau, V. (2002) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2002.00798.x · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Social status and health in humans and other animals
Sapolsky, R. M. (2004) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.144000 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Gross, C. T., & Canteras, N. S. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3301 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Animal models of social stress: Effects on behavior and brain neurochemical systems
Blanchard, R. J., McKittrick, C. R., & Blanchard, D. C. (2001) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00449-8 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Self-citationStress, depression, and anhedonia: caveats concerning animal models
Anisman, H., & Matheson, K. (2005) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.007 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Leptin: A potential novel antidepressant
Lu, X.-Y., Kim, C. S., Frazer, A., & Zhang, W. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0508901103 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Wielebnowski, N. C., Fletchall, N., Carlstead, K., Busso, J. M., & Brown, J. L. (2002) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10005 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Social stress induces glucocorticoid resistance in subordinate animals
Avitsur, R., Stark, J. L., & Sheridan, J. F. (2001) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.2001.1653 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Sex differences in psychopathology: of gonads, adrenals and mental illness
Solomon, M. B., & Herman, J. P. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.033 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Karatsoreos, I. N., Bhagat, S. M., Bowles, N. P., Weil, Z. M., Pfaff, D. W., & McEwen, B. S. (2010) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2009-1436 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationAlbeck, D. S., McKittrick, C. R., Blanchard, D. C., Blanchard, R. J., Nikulina, J., McEwen, B. S., & Sakai, R. R. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-12-04895.1997 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Defeat Stress-Induced Behavioral Responses are Mediated by the Endogenous Kappa Opioid System
McLaughlin, J. P., Li, S., Valdez, J., Chavkin, T. A., & Chavkin, C. (2006) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300872 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Effects of Chronic Social Stress on Obesity
Scott, K. A., Melhorn, S. J., & Sakai, R. R. (2012) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-011-0006-3 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationStress, Overeating, and Obesity: Insights from Human Studies and Preclinical Models
Razzoli, M., Pearson, C., Crow, S., & Bartolomucci, A. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.026 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Defeat stress in rodents: from behavior to molecules
Hammels, C., Pishva, E., De Vry, J., van den Hove, D. L. A., Prickaerts, J., van Winkel, R., Selten, J.-P., Lesch, K.-P., Daskalakis, N. P., Steinbusch, H. W. M., et al. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.10.006 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Limbic and HPA axis function in an animal model of chronic neuropathic pain
Ulrich-Lai, Y. M., Xie, W., Meij, J. T. A., Dolgas, C. M., Yu, L., & Herman, J. P. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.03.012 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Stress responses and the mesolimbic dopamine system: Social contexts and sex differences
Trainor, B. C. (2011) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.08.013 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Hammack, S. E., Cooper, M. A., & Lezak, K. R. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.024 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice
Kondrakiewicz, K., Kostecki, M., Szadzińska, W., & Knapska, E. (2019) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12525 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Hardy, M. P., Sottas, C. M., Ge, R., McKittrick, C. R., Tamashiro, K. L., McEwen, B. S., Haider, S. G., Markham, C. M., Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., et al. (2002) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.102.006312 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamic body weight and body composition changes in response to subordination stress
Tamashiro, K. L. K., Hegeman, M. A., Nguyen, M. M. N., Melhorn, S. J., Ma, L. Y., Woods, S. C., & Sakai, R. R. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.004 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationKollack‐Walker, Don, Watson, & Akil (1999) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00354.x · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Nilsson, C., Niklasson, M., Eriksson, E., Björntorp, P., & Holmäng, A. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci1353 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Opendak, M., Gould, E., & Sullivan, R. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.002 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Social disruption-induced glucocorticoid resistance: kinetics and site specificity
Avitsur, R., Stark, J. L., Dhabhar, F. S., Padgett, D. A., & Sheridan, J. F. (2002) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00010-3 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Wommack, J. C., & Delville, Y. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2003.08.002 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Neisewander, J. L., Peartree, N. A., & Pentkowski, N. S. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2853-3 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
ARAKAWA, H., BLANCHARD, D., & BLANCHARD, R. (2007) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.07.027 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationFekete, É. M., Zhao, Y., Li, C., Sabino, V., Vale, W. W., & Zorrilla, E. P. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.078 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Opendak, M., Offit, L., Monari, P., Schoenfeld, T. J., Sonti, A. N., Cameron, H. A., & Gould, E. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4435-15.2016 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cooper, M. A., McIntyre, K. E., & Huhman, K. L. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.06.009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Markham, C. M., Norvelle, A., & Huhman, K. L. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.022 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Haller, J. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2014_284 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Yang, M., Lewis, F., Foley, G., & Crawley, J. N. (2015) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.023 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Arakawa, H. (2006) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20114 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Egan, A. E., Thompson, A. M. K., Buesing, D., Fourman, S. M., Packard, A. E. B., Terefe, T., Li, D., Wang, X., Song, S., Solomon, M. B., et al. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.030 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- Blanchard, D. C., Spencer, R. L., Weiss, S. M., Blanchard, R. J., McEwen, B., & Sakai, R. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaii System (US)
- Rockefeller University (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blanchard, D.Caroline
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 117-134
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2121061650
- Cited by
- 475
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 4.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01da004081-03, 5r01aa006220-06, 5r01mh042803-03)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA-06220)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH42803)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA04081)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- chronic social stress, dominance hierarchy, subordination, depression-like behavior, corticosterone, neuroendocrine stress response, glucocorticoid receptor binding, restraint stress, testosterone, thymus weight, adrenal weight, spleen weight
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Glands, Aggression, Aldosterone, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Body Weight, Corticosterone, Dominance-Subordination, Female, Male, Models, Psychological, Neurosecretory Systems, Organ Size, Receptors, Steroid, Social Behavior, Spleen, Stress, Psychological, Testosterone, Thymus Gland, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
