Cited by 202Animal Behavior and Welfare StudiesAnimal Behavior and ReproductionPrimate Behavior and Ecology

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Effects of environmental enrichment on reproduction

Carlstead, Kathy, Shepherdson, David·1994·Zoo Biology

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Abstract

Although there have been few demonstrations of a direct empirical relationship between environmental enrichment and reproductive success in captive animals, indirect and anecdotal evidence indicates the importance of physical and temporal complexity for reproduction. We discuss three major mechanisms through which environmental enrichment that specifically increases the complexity of an animal's surroundings may influence reproductive physiology and behavior: developmental processes, modulation of stress and arousal, and modification of social interactions. In complex environments developing animals learn that performing active behavior produces appropriate functional outcomes. Learning to control their environment influences their ability to adapt to novel situations, which may profoundly influence their reproductive behavior as adults in breeding situations. Chronic stress may compromise reproductive physiology and behavior; enrichment reduces stress by providing increased opportunity for behavioral coping responses. However, some degree of acute stress may be beneficial for reproduction by maintaining an animal's level of responsiveness to socio‐sexual stimuli necessary for sexual arousal and reproductive activation. Finally, environmental enrichment may influence reproductive success by stabilizing social groups, reducing aggression and increasing affiliative and play behaviors. It is concluded that multi‐variate multi‐institutional behavioral research in zoos will play a…

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Authors: Carlstead, K., & Shepherdson, D.
Affiliations: Smithsonian Institution (US)
Oregon Zoo (US)
Corresponding author: Carlstead, Kathy
Venue: Zoo Biology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1994-01
Volume: 13
Issue: 5
Pages: 447-458
ISSN: 0733-3188 (ISSN-L)
1098-2361
DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430130507
OpenAlex: W1991949166
Cited by: 202
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 7.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 4136 d)
Locations: Zoo Biology (publishedVersion)
Smithsonian Digital Repository (Smithsonian Institution) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Keywords: environmental enrichment, reproductive success, captive animals, zoo animals, stress, arousal, social interaction, aggression, affiliative behavior, play behavior, reproductive physiology, reproductive behavior, captive breeding

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