The Effects of Visitor Density and Intensity on the Behavior of Two Captive Jaguars (Panthera onca)

Sellinger, Rebecca L.; Ha, James C.

doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0804_1

Cited by 108Animal Behavior and Welfare StudiesWildlife Ecology and ConservationPrimate Behavior and Ecology

The Effects of Visitor Density and Intensity on the Behavior of Two Captive Jaguars (Panthera onca)

Sellinger, Rebecca L., Ha, James C.·2005·Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science

DOI 10.1207/s15327604jaws0804_1

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Abstract

Several researchers have reported significant effects of visitor density and intensity on captive animal behavior. This study determined whether this was the case for 2 captive jaguars housed at the Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA. Subjects were monitored for changes in behavior as a function of visitor density and intensity. The jaguars were observed for 8 hr per week for 29 weeks--March 31 until October 11, 1998--for a total of 230 hr. Continuous frequency sampling was used, and visitor density and intensity were recorded every minute. Parametric statistics were used to test for correlations between behavior and density, intensity, or a combination of the two. Both density and intensity were significant for time spent non-visible for both cats, and intensity showed a significant effect on the female's pacing behavior. In addition, the male cat exhibited a trend for increased aggression based on both visitor density and intensity and a trend of intensity affecting his social behavior. In conclusion, both density and intensity had a significant effect on behavior, with intensity showing a larger effect.

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Increasing visitor numbers were associated with less time visible to the public in orangutans, jaguars and siamangs.
“increasing visitor numbers were associated with less time visible to the public in a range of species, including orangutans [77], jaguars [84] and siamangs [85].”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [84]
An increase in time spent engaged in stereotypic behaviour with increased visitor numbers was observed in gorillas, pileated gibbon, jaguar, fennec foxes and brown bears.
“An increase in time spent engaged in stereotypic behaviour with increased visitor numbers was observed in gorillas [54,93] pileated gibbon [94], jaguar [84], fennec foxes [35] and brown bears [95].”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [84]

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ARTICLES The Effects of Visitor Density and Intensity on the Behavior of Two Captive Jaguars (Panthera onca)
Sellinger, R. L., & Ha, J. C. (2015)
Self-citation
2005. The effects of visitor density and intensity on the behaviour of two captive jaguars (Panthera onca
Ha, J. C., Onca, C. J. (., Sellinger, R. L., & Ha, J. C. (2016)
Self-citation
Beteendebudget och hägnutnyttjande hos jaguarer (Panthera onca) på Parken Zoo i Sverige
Johansson, E. (2016) · Epsilon Archive for Student Projects (University of Southampton)
The effect of visitors on the behavior of zoo‐housed western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Lewis, R. N., Chang, Y., Ferguson, A., Lee, T., Clifforde, L. M., & Abeyesinghe, S. M. (2020) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21552 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Does visitation dictate animal welfare in captivity? – A case study of tigers and leopards from National Zoological Park, New DelhiPreprint
Avni, G., Vashisth, S., Mahima, S., Randeep, S., Hore, U., Lee, H., & Pandey, P. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.17.208322 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Authors: Sellinger, R. L., & Ha, J. C.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
ORCID: Ha, James C.
Venue: Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2005-10
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 233-244
ISSN: 1088-8705 (ISSN-L)
1532-7604
DOI: 10.1207/s15327604jaws0804_1
OpenAlex: W2136508445
Cited by: 108
References: 10
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 1.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
Keywords: jaguar, captive animal behavior, visitor density, zoo animal welfare, pacing behavior, aggression, social behavior, zoo visitors
MeSH terms: Aggression, Animals, Animal Welfare, Animals, Zoo, Behavior, Animal, Female, Housing, Animal, Humans, Male, Population Density, Time Factors, Panthera

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The Effects of Visitor Density and Intensity on the Behavior of Two Captive Jaguars (Panthera onca)

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