An fMRI Study of Sex Differences in Regional Activation to a Verbal and a Spatial Task
Open accessAbstract
Sex differences in cognitive performance have been documented, women performing better on some phonological tasks and men on spatial tasks. An earlier fMRI study suggested sex differences in distributed brain activation during phonological processing, with bilateral activation seen in women while men showed primarily left-lateralized activation. This blood oxygen level-dependent fMRI study examined sex differences (14 men, 13 women) in activation for a spatial task (judgment of line orientation) compared to a verbal-reasoning task (analogies) that does not typically show sex differences. Task difficulty was manipulated. Hypothesized ROI-based analysis documented the expected left-lateralized changes for the verbal task in the inferior parietal and planum temporal regions in both men and women, but only men showed right-lateralized increase for the spatial task in these regions. Image-based analysis revealed a distributed network of cortical regions activated by the tasks, which consisted of the lateral frontal, medial frontal, mid-temporal, occipitoparietal, and occipital regions. The activation was more left lateralized for the verbal and more right for the spatial tasks, but men also showed some left activation for the spatial task, which was not seen in women. Increased task difficulty produced more distributed activation for the verbal and more circumscribed activation for the spatial task. The results suggest that failure to activate the appropriate hemisphere in regions…
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Several studies using brain scans during testing found brain activation differences between women and men.
“Several used brain scans during testing and found brain activation differences between women and men (e.g., Gur et al., 2000;Hugdahl et al., 2006;Jaušovec & Jaušovec, 2012;Jordan et al., 2002).”
From Factors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as Gur et al., 2000
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“…7 0.00007 L premotor − 36; − 7; 42 7 0.0003 Brain areas progressively age-correlated in males N females L medial frontal 9 ) and are in line with evidence for more bilateral parietal activation in males during visual–spatial tasks that are more right-hemispheric in females (Gur et al., 2000, 2007).”
InfluentialEmpathy matters: ERP evidence for inter-individual differences in social language processing
van den Brink, D., van Berkum, J. V., Bastiaansen, M., Tesink, C., Kos, M., Buitelaar, J., & Hagoort, P. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsq094 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“…in the brain, as well as a stronger lateralization of language for men than for women (Shaywitz et al., 1995; Pugh et al., 1996; Jaeger et al., 1998; Gur et al., 2000; Kansaku et al., 2000; Phillips et al., 2001; Baxter et al., 2003; Knaus et al., 2004; Clements et al., 2006; Hill et al., 2006).”
BackgroundLiberzon, I., Taylor, S., Fig, L., Decker, L., Koeppe, R., & Minoshima, S. (2000) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(00)00157-3 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“Kring and Gordon 1998 ) and regional CBF differences (”
BackgroundGender differences in cognitive function of patients with chronic schizophrenia.
Han, M., Huang, X.-F., Chen, D.-C., Xiu, M. H., Hui, L., Liu, H., Kosten, T., & Zhang, X.-Y. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.07.010 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“One study indicated greater right hemispheric specificity for males’ and bilateral representations for females’ brains (Gur et al., 2000) and greater leftward asymmetry of frontal lobe fractional anisotropy in females than males (Szeszko et al., 2003).”
BackgroundGender, Spatial Abilities, and Wayfinding
Lawton, C. A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1465-1_16 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“activation in associated secondary areas than did women (Gur et al., 2000).”
BackgroundSex Differences in Cognition in Healthy Elderly Individuals
Munro, C. A., Winicki, J., Schretlen, D., Gower, E. W., Turano, K., Munoz, B., Keay, L., Bandeen-Roche, K., & West, S. (2012) · Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2012.690366 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“9 standard deviation units (for a review, see Andreano & Cahill, 2009), have been purported to reflect sex differences in biological factors such as neuronal lateralization (Gur et al., 2000) areas of relative brain metabolism (Li et al.”
BackgroundHemispheric division of function is the result of independent probabilistic biases
Whitehouse, A., & Bishop, D. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.005 · Cited by 137
“…n isolation (e.g., Postle, Stern, Rosen, & Corkin, 2000; Pujol et al., 999), while those investigations that have studied laterality for oth abilities have tended to include relatively small sample sizes e.g., Gur et al., 2000), making it difficult to extrapolate findings to he wider population.”
Sex differences in brain structure in auditory and cingulate regions
Brun, C., Lepore, N., Luders, E., Chou, Y., Madsen, S., Toga, A., & Thompson, P. (2009) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e32832c5e65 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Prior fMRI studies [6] also reported differences in brain activation during spatial tasks.”
Groen, M. A., Whitehouse, A., Badcock, N. A., & Bishop, D. (2012) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.56 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“…al. 2000, 2003; Holland et al. 2001, 2007; Knecht et al. 2001; Wood et al. 2004; Lohmann et al. 2005; Szaflarski et al. 2006a, b; Haag et al. 2010; Stroobant et al. 2011), but only few studies have examined lateralization of multiple functions (e.g., Gur et al. 2000; Badzakova-Trajkov et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSex differences in theory of mind: A male advantage on Happé's “cartoon” task
Russell, T. A., Tchanturia, K., Rahman, Q., & Schmidt, U. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930601117096 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“It is uncertain whether sex differences in either ‘‘cold’’ or ‘‘hot’’ cognition stem from biological or psychosocial determinants, although recent interest has focused on the role of organisational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and variation in neural substrates underlying performance on these tasks (Ba…”
BackgroundLanguage lateralization in female patients with schizophrenia: an fMRI study.
Sommer, I., Ramsey, N. F., Mandl, R., & Kahn, R. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00300-6 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Several functional imaging studies found higher language lateralization in healthy men as compared to women (Shaywitz et al., 1995; Pugh et al., 1996; Gur et al., 2000; Kansaku et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultCerebral cortex: an MRI-based study of volume and variance with age and sex.
Carne, R., Vogrin, S. J., Litewka, L., & Cook, M. (2006) · Journal of clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2005.02.013 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Zitzmann, M. (2006) · The Aging Male · doi:10.1080/13685530601040679 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“However, for spatial tasks, functional MRI shows that men have greater activation mainly in the right lateral inferior parietal and planum temporale regions but also show some left lateralized changes, whereas women have lower activity and no evidence of bilateral activity [4].”
Characterization of sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum
Dubb, A., Gur, R., Avants, B., & Gee, J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00313-6 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure of the Cerebral Cortex in Men and Women
Rabinowicz, T., Petétot, J. M., Gartside, P., Sheyn, D., Sheyn, T., & de Courten-Myers, G. (2002) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/61.1.46 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Brain activation studies using functional MRI confirmed that male brains tend to activate only 1 hemisphere whereas female brains tend to activate both for a variety of functions (18, 19, 67).”
BackgroundGauthier, C. T., Duyme, M., Zanca, M., & Capron, C. (2008) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.09.006 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“…have reported a stronger left-sided pattern of language representation in the male brain than in the female brain (Baxter et al., 2003; Coney, 2002; Gur et al., 2000; Kansaku et al., 2000; Shaywitz et al., 1995) whereas other studies have failed to show sex differences in cerebral lateralization…”
Collaer, M. L., Reimers, S., & Manning, J. T. (2007) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9152-1 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Therefore, although currently speculative, between- and withinsex variations in steroid effects could conceivably influence individual or sex-related attentional predispositions in humans, perhaps by contributing to parietal or hemispheric development, as line judgment appears to rely upon these neural mechanisms (Ben…”
BackgroundThe effect of gender on planning: An fMRI study using the Tower of London task
Boghi, A., Rasetti, R., Avidano, F., Manzone, C., Orsi, L., D'Agata, F., Caroppo, P., Bergui, M., Rocca, P., Pulvirenti, L., et al. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.022 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“, 2003; Zald, 2003; Hamann and Canli, 2004) and cognition (Jaeger et al., 1998; Salmelin et al., 1999; Lambe, 1999; Gur et al., 2000; Thomsen et al., 2000; Speck et al., 2000; Kansaku and Kitazawa, 2001; Phillips et al., 2001; Goldstein et al., 2005; Azim et al., 2005).”
BackgroundDifferential patterns of cortical activation as a function of fluid reasoning complexity
Perfetti, B., Saggino, A., Ferretti, A., Caulo, M., Romani, G. L., & ONOFRJ, M. C. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20519 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Irani, F., & Foreman, S. (2017) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_1376 · Cited by 100
Atypical hemispheric specialization for language in right-handed schizophrenia patients.
Dollfus, S., Razafimandimby, A., Delamillieure, P., Brazo, P., Joliot, M., Mazoyer, B., & Tzourio-mazoyer, N. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.009 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Computer-Based Assessment of Sports-Related Concussion
Schatz, P., & Zillmer, E. (2003) · Applied Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15324826an1001_6 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“However, medical research efforts employing the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe brain-behavior relationships require synching between stimuli presentation and scan acquisition within very specific time intervals (Gur et al., 2000; Gur et al., 2001).”
BackgroundRahman, Q., & Wilson, G. (2003) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.17.1.25 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“It is unknown whether the differences reported above stem from biological or psychosocial determinants, although recent interest has focused on the role of organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and variation in neural substrates underlying performance on these tasks (Collaer & Hines, 1995; Freder…”
BackgroundA lack of dimorphism of sex or sexual orientation in the human anterior commissure.
Lasco, M. S., Jordan, T. J., Edgar, M., Petito, C., & Byne, W. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02590-8 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Sex differences in the activation of language cortex during childhood.
Plante, E., Schmithorst, V., Holland, S., & Byars, A. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.08.016 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“…no sex differences for either global hemispheric dominance (Hund-Georgiadis, Lex, Friederici, & von Crammon, 2002; Knecht et al., 2000) or for task-specific regions of interest (Buckner, Raichle, & Petersen, 1995; Frost et al., 1999; Gur et al., 2000; Schlösser, Hutchinson, & Joseffer, 1998).”
BackgroundGender differences in aging: cognition, emotions, and neuroimaging studies
Gur, R., & Gur, R. (2002) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2002.4.2/rgur · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“001).(121) Thus, it appears that spatial processing requires, for harder tasks, greater reliance on visual association cortex with minimal activation of other areas.”
BackgroundSelf-citationHofer, A., Siedentopf, C., Ischebeck, A., Rettenbacher, M., Verius, M., Felber, S., & Fleischhacker, W. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291706008919 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“…with men performing better than women on certain spatial tasks because of their greater lateralization for these tasks in the right hemisphere, and women performing better than men on some verbal tasks because these functions are represented bilaterally in the brain (Gur et al. 2000).”
BackgroundNeuroimaging studies of the striatum in cognition Part I: healthy individuals
Provost, J., Hanganu, A., & Monchi, O. (2015) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00140 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“The contribution of the striatum in language could indeed reflect a more global mechanism than being specific to language per se, although some results showed the opposite (Wang et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultEvolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience
Platek, S., Keenan, J., & Shackelford, T. (2006) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/2882.003.0029 · Cited by 80
Gur, R., Turetsky, B., Loughead, J., Waxman, J., Snyder, W., Ragland, J., Elliott, M. A., Bilker, W. B., Arnold, S. E., & Gur, R. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20319 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationAizenstein, H., Butters, M., Clark, K., Figurski, J., Stenger, V., Nebes, R., Reynolds, C., & Carter, C. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.017 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Re-Conceptualizing “Sex” and “Gender” in the Human Brain
Kaiser, A. (2012) · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000104 · Cited by 79
Sexual-orientation-related differences in verbal fluency.
Rahman, Q., Abrahams, S., & Wilson, G. D. (2003) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.17.2.240 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Sex differences have also been demonstrated in activation of the inferior frontal gyrus during phonological, lexical, and verbal reasoning tasks whereby women activate more bilateral regions compared with men (Gur et al., 2000; Shaywitz et al., 1995).”
BackgroundSullivan, E. V., Brumback, T., Tapert, S. F., Fama, R., Prouty, D., Brown, S. A., Cummins, K. M., Thompson, W. K., Colrain, I. M., Baker, F. C., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000259 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Developmental sex differences in basic visuospatial processing: Differences in strategy use?
Clements-Stephens, A., Rimrodt, S., & Cutting, L. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.094 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“More specifically, this task was chosen as previously research in our lab [3] and others [4,5] has revealed differences between the sexes in lateralization, and we wanted to know if these same differences in basic visuospatial processing were present in children and adolescents.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialKonrad, C., Engelien, A., Schöning, S., Zwitserlood, P., Jansen, A., Pletziger, E., Beizai, P., Kersting, A., Ohrmann, P., Luders, E., et al. (2008) · Journal of neural transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0073-0 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Others were unable to confirm these findings (Gur et al. 2000; Halari et al. 2005, 2006; Schlosser et al. 1998; Sommer et al. 2004; Weiss et al. 2003).”
ResultOn females' lateral and males' bilateral activation during language production: a fMRI study.
Kaiser, A., Kuenzli, E., Zappatore, D., & Nitsch, C. (2007) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.03.008 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“For instance, Gur et al. (2000), who reported sex/gender differences in relation to task difficulty, asked subjects to answer to verbal associations in a verbal reasoning task.”
BackgroundDouet, V., Chang, L., Cloak, C., & Ernst, T. (2013) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-013-9260-1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Brain activation patterns show gender differences during a variety of cognitive tasks (Gur and Gur 1990; Gur et al. 1995, 2000; Speck et al. 2000; Weiss et al. 2003; Bell et al. 2006).”
Carrillo, B., Gomez-Gil, E., Rametti, G., Junqué, C., Gómez, Á., Karádi, K., Segovia, S., & Guillamon, A. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.02.010 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Gur et al. (2000), using a 2D rotation task, showed that males have a left activation that is not seen in females.”
Gorbet, D., & Sergio, L. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05358.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“There is evidence that sex differences exist in cognitive processes such as working and spatial memory, spatial attention and spatial perception (Gur et al., 2000; Bell et al., 2006; Frings et al., 2006; Haut & Barch, 2006).”
BackgroundPapousek, I., Weiss, E., Perchtold, C. M., Weber, H., de Assunção, V. L., Schulter, G., Lackner, H., & Fink, A. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9537-2 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…activated, and that lateralized activation of specific relevant brain regions was associated with better performance on hemisphere specific cognitive tasks (Davidson et al. 1990; Gur et al. 1994, 2000; Gur and Reivich 1980; Papousek et al. 2011; Papousek and Schulter 2004; Wendt and Risberg 1994).”
BackgroundMonuteaux, M., Mick, E., Faraone, S., & Biederman, J. (2009) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02152.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…(Rilea et al., 2004, Gallagher et al., 2000, Maitland et al., 2004), brain structure (Goldstein et al., 2001, Luders et al., 2006) and function (Goldstein et al., 2005, Gur et al., 2000, Baxter et al., 2003) that could reflect sex-specific neural organization relating to the expression of ADHD.”
BackgroundAn fMRI study of sex differences in brain activation during object naming
Garn, C. L., Allen, M. D., & Larsen, J. D. (2008) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2008.02.004 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Determination of indices of the corpus callosum associated with normal aging in Japanese individuals
Takeda, S., Hirashima, Y., Ikeda, H., Yamamoto, H., Sugino, M., & Endo, S. (2003) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-003-1019-8 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the hemispheric functional interaction pattern on positron emission tomography supports the notion that women have predominantly interhemispheric interactions while men have predominantly intrahemispheric interactions [ 24 , 25].”
Sexual orientation related differences in spatial memory
Rahman, Q., Wilson, G., & Abrahams, S. (2003) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617703930037 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Patel, R., Steele, C. J., Chen, A. G. X., Patel, S., Devenyi, G. A., Germann, J., Tardif, C. L., & Chakravarty, M. M. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116348 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Seydell-Greenwald, A., Ferrara, K., Chambers, C. E., Newport, E., & Landau, B. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.005 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sex differences in the effect of articulatory or spatial dual-task interference during navigation.
Saucier, D., Bowman, M. C., & Elias, L. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00140-4 · Cited by 58
Effects of emotionally contagious films on changes in hemisphere-specific cognitive performance.
Papousek, I., Schulter, G., & Lang, B. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0016299 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Pena-Casanova, J., Quintana-Aparicio, M., Quiñones-Úbeda, S., Aguilar, M., Molinuevo, J., Serradell, M., Robles, A., Barquero, M., Villanueva, C., Antunez, C., et al. (2009) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acp040 · Cited by 54
A sex difference in visual influence on heard speech
Irwin, J., Whalen, D. H., & Fowler, C. (2006) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03208760 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sex differences in face processing: Are women less lateralized and faster than men?
Godard, O., & Fiori, N. (2010) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2010.04.008 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“These tasks include mental rotation (Gur et al., 2000; Johnson, McKenzie, & Hamm, 2002) and geometric illusions (Rasmjou, Hausmann, & Güntürkün, 1999).”
BackgroundHalari, R., Mehrotra, R., Sharma, T., Ng, V., & Kumari, V. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.021 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“greater right hemispheric specificity, and women tending to perform better than men on some verbal tasks (verbal fluency) because these functions are bilaterally represented in the brain (McGlone, 1980; Gur et al., 2000).”
BackgroundBruder, G., Stewart, J., McGrath, P. J., Deliyannides, D. A., & Quitkin, F. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300519 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Gur et al (2000) found that men also show more right-lateralized activation of inferior parietal and temporal lobe regions during a visuospatial task and tend to perform better when compared to women.”
BackgroundGizewski, E., Krause, E., Wanke, I., Forsting, M., & Senf, W. (2005) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-005-0004-9 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“activation patterns and lateralization [6, 7, 10, 19, 21, 22].”
BackgroundHerrmann, M. J., Ehlis, A., Wagener, A., Jacob, C., & Fallgatter, A. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.02.011 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Zeller, J., Herrmann, M., Ehlis, A., Polak, T., & Fallgatter, A. (2010) · The American journal of geriatric psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181c65821 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The influence of sex differences and individual task performance on brain activation during planning
Unterrainer, J., Ruff, C., Rahm, B., Kaller, C., Spreer, J., Schwarzwald, R., & Halsband, U. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.020 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Manipulation of frontal brain asymmetry by cognitive tasks
Papousek, I., & Schulter, G. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00258-6 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Variations in cortical folding patterns are related to individual differences in temperament.
Whittle, S., Allen, N., Fornito, A., Lubman, D., Simmons, J., Pantelis, C., & Yücel, M. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.06.005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Indeed, there is evidence that some executive functions are more functionally lateralized in the male brain (Gur et al., 2000; Rossell et al., 2002), whereas in the female brain there is a greater contribution of integrated hemispheric activity to executive functioning (Levy, 1977).”
Sex Differences in Working Memory
Harness, A., Jacot, L., Scherf, S., White, A., & Warnick, J. E. (2008) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.103.1.214-218 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gur, R. C., Alsop, D., Glahn, D., Petty, R., Swanson, C. L., Maldjian, J. A., Turetsky, B. I., Detre, J. A., Gee, J., & Gur, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Brain and Language
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 157-170
- ISSN
- 0093-934X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1963754370
- Cited by
- 352
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 5.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain and Language (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 43880, MH-42191)
- National Center for Research Resources (MO1-RR 0040, M01RR000040)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Keywords
- sex differences, hemispheric lateralization, spatial reasoning, verbal reasoning, analogy, task difficulty, inferior parietal cortex, planum temporale, phonological processing
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cognition, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Sex Factors, Space Perception, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Verbal Behavior
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