Efficacy, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of self-help interventions for anxiety disorders: systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Background: Self-help interventions for psychiatric disorders represent an increasingly popular alternative to therapist-administered psychological therapies, offering the potential of increased access to cost-effective treatment. Aims: To determine the efficacy, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of self-help interventions for anxiety disorders. Method: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of self-help interventions for anxiety disorders were identified by searching nine online databases. Studies were grouped according to disorder and meta-analyses were conducted where sufficient data were available. Overall meta-analyses of self-help v.waiting list and therapist-administered treatment were also undertaken. Methodological quality was assessed independently by two researchers according to criteria set out by the Cochrane Collaboration. Results: Thirty-one RCTs met inclusion criteria for the review. Results of the overall meta-analysis comparing self-help with waiting list gave a significant effect size of 0.84 in favour of self-help. Comparison of self-help with therapist-administered treatments revealed a significant difference in favour of the latter with an effect size of 0.34. The addition of guidance and the presentation of multimedia or web-based self-help materials improved treatment outcome. Conclusions: Self-help interventions appear to be an effective way of treating individuals diagnosed with social phobia and panic disorder. Further research is required to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and acceptability of these interventions.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Therapist support does not appear to be essential when using bibliotherapy.
“When using bibliotherapy, providing information all at one time was as effective as pacing [157], and therapist support does not appear to be essential [75,158].”
From Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [75]
The Limitations section says pure self-help interventions generally performed well, supporting the qualified suggestion that therapist support is not always essential. But it also reports superior results with guidance and cautions that outcomes cannot be assumed equivalent for someone using a self-help book outside a study. The review therefore does not establish the claim specifically for bibliotherapy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe main advantages of bibliotherapy are its ease of use, low cost, low staffing demands, and greater privacy.
“In addition, the main advantages are its ease of use, low cost, low staffing demands, and greater privacy.26,27”
From Comparative efficacy and acceptability of bibliotherapy for depression and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
The introductory passage describes self-help, including books, as requiring little or no therapist input, and the Limitations section describes pure self-help as lower-cost and more accessible. The paper does not establish ease of use or greater privacy as advantages of bibliotherapy. Its Main findings also say the included studies lacked economic evaluations, so lower cost should not be read as demonstrated cost-effectiveness. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSelf-help interventions for anxiety disorders showed a greater reduction in anxiety symptoms versus waiting-list conditions (Cohen's d = 0.84).
“A more recent meta-analysis of self-help interventions for anxiety disorders (Lewis et al., 2012) showed a greater reduction in anxiety symptoms for self-help interventions versus waiting-list conditions (Cohen's d = 0.84).”
From Self-help interventions to reduce self-stigma in people with mental health problems: A systematic literature review (2020) · cites this paper as Lewis et al., 2012
When self-help interventions were compared with therapist-administered interventions, results revealed a significant difference in treatment efficacy in favour of therapist-guided treatment (d = 0.34).
“However, when self-help interventions were compared with therapist-administered interventions, results revealed a significant difference in treatment efficacy in favour of therapist-guided treatment ( d = 0.34).”
From Self-help interventions to reduce self-stigma in people with mental health problems: A systematic literature review (2020) · cites this paper as Lewis et al., 2012
The effect sizes for CBT in the Cochrane meta-analysis were somewhat smaller than those reported in other recent reviews.
“These effects were somewhat smaller than those reported in other recent reviews [17, 19–22] and also smaller than the large effect sizes for Internet-based ACT (0.80 and 0.87) in the study of Fledderus et al. [40] and for Internet-based CBT for anxiety complaints in older adults (1.43) in the study of Dear et al. [26].”
A variety of self-directed or minimal intervention formats have demonstrated significant improvements in anxiety symptoms.
“In addition, a variety of self-directed or minimal intervention formats (e.g., bibliotherapy/self-help books, or internet/ computer-based programs with or without minimal therapist contact) have demonstrated significant improvements in anxiety symptoms [74-79].”
From Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [75]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Systematic reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care
Tacconelli, E. (2010) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70065-7 · Cited by 3,237 · see citing works
Bower, P., & Gilbody, S. (2005) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.186.1.11 · Cited by 1,084 · see citing works
Internet-based self-help for depression: randomised controlled trial
Andersson, G., Bergström, J., Holländare, F., Carlbring, P., Kaldo, V., & Ekselius, L. (2005) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.187.5.456 · Cited by 529 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2 According to Bower & Gilbody, 3 the use of minimal interventions as part of a stepped-care model relies on assumptions of efficacy, cost-effectiveness and acceptability .”
Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Herbert, C., & Mayou, R. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.10.1024 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Holmström, A., Sparthan, E., Furmark, T., Nilsson-Ihrfelt, E., Buhrman, M., & Ekselius, L. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.4.677 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Treatment of panic disorder: live therapy vs. self-help via the Internet
Carlbring, P., Nilsson-Ihrfelt, E., Waara, J., Kollenstam, C., Buhrman, M., Kaldo, V., Söderberg, M., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.10.002 · Cited by 372 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Seven RCTs 16,18,20,22,23,27,29 compared self-help with therapist-administered CBT.”
A meta‐analysis of bibliotherapy studies
Marrs, R. W. (1995) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf02507018 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of self-help treatment approaches
Gould, R. A., & Clum, G. A. (1993) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(93)90039-o · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Greist, J. H., Marks, I. M., Baer, L., Kobak, K. A., Wenzel, K. W., Hirsch, M. J., Mantle, J. M., & Clary, C. M. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v63n0209 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Is internet-based CBT for panic disorder and agoraphobia as effective as face-to-face CBT?
Kiropoulos, L. A., Klein, B., Austin, D. W., Gilson, K., Pier, C., Mitchell, J., & Ciechomski, L. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.01.008 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Robinson, E., Titov, N., Andrews, G., McIntyre, K., Schwencke, G., & Solley, K. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010942 · Cited by 277 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…(2003) 30 Furmark (2009) 34 a Furmark (2009) 34 b Gould (1993) 22 Gould (1995) 21 Klein (2006) 25 Lidren (1994) 26 Nordin (2010) 28 Rapee (2007) 35 Robinson (2010) 13 Titov (2008) 38 Titov (2008) 37 Titov (2008) 36 Titov (2009) 12 Titov (2010) 41 Total (95% CI) Heterogeneity: t 2 =0.07; w 2…”
InfluentialTreatment of panic disorder via the internet: A randomized trial of a self-help program
Carlbring, P., Westling, B. E., Ljungstrand, P., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2001) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(01)80019-8 · Cited by 262 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Abramowitz (2009) 31 Andersson (2006) 32 Berger (2009) 33 Bowman (1997) 11 Carlbring (2001) 19 Carlbring (2006) 17 Ehlers (2003) 30 Furmark (2009) 34 a Furmark (2009) 34 b Gould (1993) 22 Gould (1995) 21 Klein (2006) 25 Lidren (1994) 26 Nordin (2010) 28 Rapee (2007) 35 Robinson (2010) 13 Titov…”
Carlbring, P., Bohman, S., Brunt, S., Buhrman, M., Westling, B. E., Ekselius, L., & Andersson, G. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2119 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Guided and unguided self-help for social anxiety disorder: randomised controlled trial
Furmark, T., Carlbring, P., Hedman, E., Sonnenstein, A., Clevberger, P., Bohman, B., Eriksson, A., Hållén, A., Frykman, M., Holmström, A., et al. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060996 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Efficacy of internet therapy for panic disorder
Klein, B., Richards, J. C., & Austin, D. W. (2006) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.07.001 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Choi, I., Schwencke, G., & Mahoney, A. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802512107 · Cited by 221 · cited 4× · see citing works
“36 There is, however, no agreement as to an optimal level.”
InfluentialWhy is self-help neglected in the treatment of emotional disorders? A meta-analysis
DEN BOER, P. C. A. M., WIERSMA, D., & VAN DEN BOSCH, R. J. (2004) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170300179x · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., Erickson, T., Przeworski, A., & Dzus, E. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.10128 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-treatment of agoraphobia by exposure
Ghosh, A., & Marks, I. M. (1987) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(87)80047-3 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Internet-based treatment for social phobia: A randomized controlled trial
Berger, T., Hohl, E., & Caspar, F. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20603 · Cited by 198 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Abramowitz (2009) 31 Andersson (2006) 32 Berger (2009) 33 Bowman (1997) 11 Carlbring (2001) 19 Carlbring (2006) 17 Ehlers (2003) 30 Furmark (2009) 34 a Furmark (2009) 34 b Gould (1993) 22 Gould (1995) 21 Klein (2006) 25 Lidren (1994) 26 Nordin (2010) 28 Rapee (2007) 35 Robinson (2010) 13 Titov…”
Transdiagnostic Internet treatment for anxiety disorders: A randomized controlled trial
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Johnston, L., Robinson, E., & Spence, J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.014 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Bower, P., Richards, D. A., & Lovell, K. (2001) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 187 · see citing works
A comparison of bibliotherapy and group therapy in the treatment of panic disorder.
Lidren, D. M., Watkins, P. L., Gould, R. A., Clum, G. A., Asterino, M., & Tulloch, H. L. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.62.4.865 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
A meta-analytic study of self-help interventions for anxiety problems.
Hirai, M., & Clum, G. (2006) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.05.002 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Shyness 1: Distance Treatment of Social Phobia Over the Internet
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Schwencke, G., Drobny, J., & Einstein, D. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802119762 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
A BRIEF INTERNET-BASED TREATMENT FOR PANIC DISORDER
Klein, B., & Richards, J. C. (2001) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465801001138 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Newman, M. G. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.549 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
The use of bibliotherapy in the treatment of panic: A preliminary investigation
Gould, R. A., Clum, G. A., & Shapiro, D. (1993) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80266-7 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Titov, N., Andrews, G., Robinson, E., Schwencke, G., Johnston, L., Solley, K., & Choi, I. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670903179269 · Cited by 147 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Titov and colleagues 12 conducted an RCT of an online guided self-help intervention for GAD called ‘Worry’ with email guidance.”
InfluentialGuided and unguided self-help for binge eating
Loeb, K. L., Wilson, G. T., Gilbert, J. S., & Labouvie, E. W. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00041-8 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Shyness 2: Treating Social Phobia Online: Replication and Extension
Titov, N., Andrews, G., & Schwencke, G. (2008) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802119820 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Tolin, D. F., Hannan, S. E., Maltby, N., Diefenbach, G. J., Worhunsky, P. D., & Brady, R. E. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.07.001 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Gould, R. A., & Clum, G. A. (1995) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80099-1 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Treatment of social phobia through pure self-help and therapist-augmented self-help
Rapee, R. M., Abbott, M. J., Baillie, A., & Gaston, J. E. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.028167 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Nordin, S., Carlbring, P., Cuijpers, P. J., & Andersson, G. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.06.001 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Treatment of anxiety disorders in primary care practice: a randomised controlled trial.
van Boeijen, C. A., van Oppen, P., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Visser, S., Kempe, P., Blankenstein, N., & van Dyck, R. (2005) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Abramowitz, J. S., Moore, E. L., Braddock, A. E., & Harrington, D. L. (2009) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.04.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Efficacy of self-examination therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder
Bowman, D. O., Scogin, F., Floyd, M., Patton, E., & Gist, L. (1997) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.44.3.267 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sorby, N. G. D., Reavley, W., & Huber, J. (1991) · PubMed Central · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Botella, C., & García-Palacios, A. (1999) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465899273055 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Therapist contact in cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care
Power, K., Sharp, D. M., Swanson, V., & Simpson, R. (2000) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(200002)7:1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Marchand, A., Todorov, C., Borgeat, F., & Pelland, M. (2007) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465807003888 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- den Boer PCAM, Weirsma D, van Den Bosch RJ. Why is self-help neglected in the treatment of emotional disorders? Psychol Med 2004; 34: 959-71.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., Van Ameringen, M., & the Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-s1-s1 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
“videoconferencing [75,159-161], and internet-based CBT”
MethodBaldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Allgulander, C., Bandelow, B., den Boer, J. A., Christmas, D. M., Davies, S., Fineberg, N., Lidbetter, N., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114525674 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Szuhany, K. L., & Simon, N. M. (2022) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.22744 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Titov, N., Dear, B. F., Johnston, L., Lorian, C., Zou, J., Wootton, B., Spence, J., McEvoy, P. M., & Rapee, R. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062873 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Cavanagh, K., Strauss, C., Forder, L., & Jones, F. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.001 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Physical activity and anxiety: A perspective from the World Health Survey
Stubbs, B., Koyanagi, A., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., Richards, J., Schuch, F., Rosenbaum, S., Mugisha, J., Veronese, N., Lahti, J., et al. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.028 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Mobile mental health: a challenging research agenda
Olff, M. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.27882 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Pompoli, A., Furukawa, T. A., Efthimiou, O., Imai, H., Tajika, A., & Salanti, G. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003919 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
The overlap between anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder
Goodwin, G. M. (2015) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2015.17.3/ggoodwin · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Harper Shehadeh, M., Heim, E., Chowdhary, N., Maercker, A., & Albanese, E. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5776 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“…findings seem plausible because, although little is known about specific components that determine the effectiveness of a self-help program [9], providing users with an explanatory model of their distress using meaningful terms and symbols may constitute a critical prerequisite of…”
BackgroundEffectiveness of Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Regular Clinical Settings
Andersson, G., & Hedman, E. (2013) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000354779 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Bennett, S. D., Cuijpers, P., Ebert, D. D., McKenzie Smith, M., Coughtrey, A. E., Heyman, I., Manzotti, G., & Shafran, R. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13010 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Rück, C., Bergström, J., Andersson, G., Kaldo, V., Jansson, L., Andersson, E., Andersson, E., Blom, K., et al. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12079 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Baumel, A., Edan, S., & Kane, J. M. (2019) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibz147 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Rayner, L., Matcham, F., Hutton, J., Stringer, C., Dobson, J., Steer, S. E., & Hotopf, M. H. (2013) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.12.004 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Simon, N. A., Robertson, L., Lewis, C., Roberts, N. P., Bethell, A., Dawson, S., & Bisson, J. I. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011710.pub3 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationMayo-Wilson, E., & Montgomery, P. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005330.pub4 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Are online mental health interventions for youth effective? A systematic review.
Zhou, X., Edirippulige, S., Bai, X., & Bambling, M. (2021) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x211047285 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Taylor, H., Strauss, C., & Cavanagh, K. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102078 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
French, K., Golijani-Moghaddam, N., & Schröder, T. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.08.002 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Online interventions for anxiety disorders
Christensen, H., Batterham, P., & Calear, A. (2014) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000019 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Lewis, C., Roberts, N. P., Simon, N., Bethell, A., & Bisson, J. I. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13079 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationAnxiety Disorders in Primary Care
Combs, H. L., & Markman, J. (2014) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2014.06.003 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The challenger app for social anxiety disorder: New advances in mobile psychological treatment
Miloff, A., Marklund, A., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.08.001 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Simon, N., McGillivray, L., Roberts, N. P., Barawi, K., Lewis, C. E., & Bisson, J. I. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1646092 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“The growing literature points towards advantages of guided, over unguided i-CBT in PTSD (Lewis et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationYuan, S., Zhou, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, H., Pu, J., Yang, L., Liu, L., Jiang, X., & Xie, P. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s152747 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Bisson, J. I., Ariti, C. A., Cullen, K., Kitchiner, N., Lewis, C., Roberts, N. P., Simon, N. A., Smallman, K., Addison, K., Bell, V., et al. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-069405 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationMa, Y., She, Z., Siu, A. F. Y., Zeng, X., & Liu, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02090 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ngan, H. Y., Chong, Y. Y., & Chien, W. T. (2021) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14525 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Lever Taylor, B., Strauss, C., Cavanagh, K., & Jones, F. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.09.007 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Mills, H., Mulfinger, N., Raeder, S., Rüsch, N., Clements, H., & Scior, K. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112702 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
(2019) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Tol, W. A., Augustinavicius, J., Carswell, K., Brown, F. L., Adaku, A., Leku, M. R., García-Moreno, C., Ventevogel, P., White, R. G., & van Ommeren, M. (2018) · Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2018.14 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…et al., 2009); (2) guided self-help approaches have similar benefits to faceto-face psychotherapeutic interventions (Cuijpers et al., 2010; Lewis et al., 2012); and (3) guided self-help interventions are associated with larger effect sizes than unguided self-help interventions (Hirai &…”
BackgroundLewis, C., Roberts, N. P., Bethell, A., Robertson, L., & Bisson, J. I. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011710.pub2 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive behavior therapy for psychological distress in patients with recurrent miscarriage
Nakano, Y., Akechi, Furukawa, T. A., & Sugiura (2013) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s44327 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Development and Evaluation of Cognitive Analytic Guided Self-Help (CAT-SH) for Use in IAPT Services
Meadows, J., & Kellett, S. (2017) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465816000485 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ho, F. Y.-Y., Chan, C. S., Lo, W.-Y., & Leung, J. C.-Y. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.062 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Wozney, L., Newton, A. S., Gehring, N. D., Bennett, K., Huguet, A., Hartling, L., Dyson, M. P., & McGrath, P. (2017) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-017-0474-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Kanuri, N., Arora, P. G., Talluru, S. M., Colaco, B., Dutta, R., Rawat, A., Taylor, C. B., Manjula, M., & Newman, M. G. (2019) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12640 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-Help for Medically Unexplained Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
van Gils, A., Schoevers, R. A., Bonvanie, I. J., Gelauff, J. M., Roest, A. M., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000325 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Reiß, N., Warnecke, I., Tolgou, T., Krampen, D., Luka-Krausgrill, U., & Rohrmann, S. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.039 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Levin, C., & Chisholm, D. (2016) · Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 4): Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0426-7_ch12 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-management of mood and/or anxiety disorders through physical activity/exercise
Pelletier, L., Shanmugasegaram, S., Patten, S. B., & Demers, A. A. (2017) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.37.5.03 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Oromendia, P., Orrego, J., Bonillo, A., & Molinuevo, B. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1163615 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Self-Help Interventions in Tinnitus
Nyenhuis, N., Golm, D., & Kröner‐Herwig, B. (2013) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2013.803496 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Bachem, R., & Maercker, A. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1191083 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Webster, R., Norman, P., Goodacre, S. W., Thompson, A. R., & McEachan, R. (2014) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.923885 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Davis, E. L., Deane, F. P., Lyons, G. C., Barclay, G. D., Bourne, J., & Connolly, V. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317715091 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Fitzpatrick, M., Nedeljkovic, M., Abbott, J.-A., Kyrios, M., & Moulding, R. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.02.006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Creative bibliotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a systematic review
Glavin, C. E. Y., & Montgomery, P. (2017) · Journal of Poetry Therapy · doi:10.1080/08893675.2017.1266190 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Handbook of Rural School Mental Health
(2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64735-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kok, G. D., Bockting, C., Burger, H., Smit, F., & Riper, H. M. (2014) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.05.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Barton, S., Karner, C., Salih, F., Baldwin, D. S., & Edwards, S. J. (2014) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta18500 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“It should be noted that the evidence in this review is based on a synthesis of data from trials in various anxiety disorders and moderate statistical heterogeneity (44%) was present.(57) Considered separately, the evidence base for the effectiveness of self-help in the individual anxiety disorders is limited.”
Wubeshet, Y. S., Muhammed, O. S., & Desse, T. A. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1999-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Reading and rewriting poetry on life to survive the COVID-19 pandemic
Sharma, D. (2021) · Journal of Poetry Therapy · doi:10.1080/08893675.2021.1899631 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Greenwell, K., Sereda, M., Coulson, N., Refaie, A. E., & Hoare, D. J. (2016) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.3109/14992027.2015.1137363 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kanuri, N., Taylor, C. B., Cohen, J. M., & Newman, M. G. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.05.011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Acceptability of treatments and services for individuals with hoarding behaviors
Rodríguez, C. I., Levinson, A. R., Patel, S. R., Rottier, K. A., Zwerling, J., Essock, S. M., Shuer, L. J., Frost, R. O., & Simpson, H. B. (2016) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2016.07.001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Telemedicine Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety After Stroke
Chun, H.-Y. Y., Carson, A. J., Tsanas, A., Dennis, M. S., Mead, G. E., Calabria, C., & Whiteley, W. N. (2020) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.029042 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Liu, X., Yang, Y., Ye, Z., Wang, F., Zeng, K., Sun, Y., Huang, Y., & Dai, L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.156 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Romijn, G., Riper, H. M., Kok, R., Donker, T., Goorden, M., Roijen, L. H., Kooistra, L. C., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., & Koning, J. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0697-1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Musey, P. I., Lee, J. A., Hall, C. L., & Kline, J. A. (2018) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12873-018-0161-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Woodford, J., Farrand, P. A., Hagström, J., Hedenmalm, L., & von Essén, L. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/22709 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Brantnell, A., Woodford, J., Baraldi, E., van Achterberg, T., & von Essén, L. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/18033 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Psychenet.de: development and process evaluation of an e-mental health portal
Dirmaier, J., Liebherz, S., Sänger, S., Härter, M. C., & Tlach, L. (2015) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.3109/17538157.2015.1008486 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Guided self-help interventions for irritable bowel syndrome
Liegl, G., Plessen, C. Y., Leitner, A., Boeckle, M., & Pieh, C. (2015) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000000428 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Christensen, H. M., Mackinnon, A. J., Batterham, P. J., O’Dea, B., Guastella, A. J., Griffiths, K. M., Eagleson, C., Hehir, K. K., Kenardy, J. A., Bennett, K., et al. (2014) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.08.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Witlox, M., Kraaij, V., Garnefski, N., de Waal, M. W. M., Smit, F., Hoencamp, E., Gussekloo, J., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Spinhoven, P. (2018) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-018-2731-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Schwob, J. T., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102749 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Rosen, G. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2015) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-015-9319-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Blampied, M., Bell, C., Gilbert, C., & Rucklidge, J. J. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1740595 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Finazzi, E., & MacBeth, A. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2650 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Young‐McCaughan, S., Peterson, A. L., Mintz, J., Hale, W. J., Dondanville, K. A., Borah, E. V., Blount, T. H., Blankenship, A. E., Fina, B. A., Hall‐Clark, B. N., et al. (2022) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.2001689 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Webster, R., Thompson, A. R., Norman, P., & Goodacre, S. W. (2016) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1144891 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Simon, N. A., Ploszajski, M., Lewis, C., Smallman, K., Roberts, N. P., Kitchiner, N., Brookes‐Howell, L., & Bisson, J. I. (2021) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12341 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationOnline Mindfulness Intervention for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Adherence and Efficacy
Forbes, L., & Johnson, S. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.709899 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Reiß, N., Warnecke, I., Tibubos, A. N., Tolgou, T., Luka-Krausgrill, U., & Rohrmann, S. (2018) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2018.1475767 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Krebber, A.-M. H., van Uden‐Kraan, C. F., Melissant, H. C., Cuijpers, P. J., van Straten, A., Becker‐Commissaris, A., Leemans, C. R., & Leeuw, I. M. V. (2016) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3393-x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Woodford, J., Farrand, P. A., Watkins, E. R., Richards, D. A., & Llewellyn, D. J. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-157 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nováková, B., Harris, P. R., Rawlings, G. H., & Reuber, M. (2019) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.03.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Help-seeking behaviours for psychological distress amongst Chinese patients
Sun, K. S., Lam, T. P., Lam, K. F., Piterman, L., Lo, T. L., Chao, D. V. K., & Lam, E. W. W. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185831 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Matthews, P., Topham, P., & Caleb-Solly, P. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.9235 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gensichen, J. S., Hiller, T. S., Breitbart, J., Teismann, T., Brettschneider, C., Schumacher, U., Piwtorak, A., König, H., Hoyer, H., Schneider, N., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-112 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self Managing Heart Failure in Remote Australia - Translating Concepts into Clinical Practice
Iyngkaran, P., Toukhsati, S. R., Harris, M., Connors, C. M., Kangaharan, N., Ilton, M. K., Nagel, T. M., Moser, D. K., & Battersby, M. (2016) · Current Cardiology Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573403x12666160703183001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Nollett, C. L., Lewis, C., Kitchiner, N., Roberts, N. P., Addison, K., Brookes‐Howell, L., Cosgrove, S., Cullen, K., Ehlers, A., Heke, S., et al. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1665-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationHeart and mind: behavioural cardiology demystified for the clinician
Astin, F., Lucock, M., & Jennings, C. S. (2019) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310750 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Moore, B. A., Buono, F. D., Lloyd, D. P., Printz, D. M. B., Fiellin, D. A., & Barry, D. T. (2018) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2018.11.011 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Increasing engagement with computerised cognitive behavioural therapies
Cavanagh, K., & Millings, A. (2013) · ICST Transactions on Ambient Systems · doi:10.4108/trans.amsys.01-06.2013.e3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rabasco, A., McKay, D., Smits, J. A., Powers, M. B., Meuret, A. E., & McGrath, P. B. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102528 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Parental Cancer: Acceptance and Usability of an Information Booklet for Affected Parents
Melchiors, L., Geertz, W., & Inhestern, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.769298 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Drossaert, C. H. C., Pieterse, M. E., Walburg, J. A., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Smit, F. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1825-5 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P. R., Kjernisted, K. D., & Ameringen, M. V. (2021) · doi:10.32920/14638581 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Davis, E. L., Deane, F. P., & Lyons, G. C. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316679724 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Priemer, M., & Talbot, F. (2013) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2013.22 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Botella, C., & Berger, T. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06083-5_4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A meta‐analytic review of brief guided self‐help education for chronic pain
Liegl, G., Boeckle, M., Leitner, A., & Pieh, C. (2016) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.881 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Using a 10‐day mindfulness‐based app intervention to reduce burnout in special educators
Russell, A., & Smyth, S. (2023) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12599 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Individually tailored internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders
Nordgren, L. B. (2013) · Linköping University Electronic Press eBooks · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-100969 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fung, H. W., Chan, C., & Ross, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2020.1760990 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Farrand, P. A., Dawes, A., Doughty, M., Phull, S., Saines, S., Winter, S., & Roth, A. D. (2022) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x22000241 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lewis, C., Pearce, J., & Bisson, J. I.
- Affiliations
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lewis, Catrin
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 200
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 15-21
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2166049192
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- self-help intervention, anxiety disorders, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, cost-effectiveness, acceptability, waiting list comparison, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Mental Health Services, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Self Care, Waiting Lists, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Databases, Bibliographic, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
