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Worldwide childhood type 1 diabetes incidence–what can we learn from epidemiology?
Open accessAbstract
Type 1 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in most part of the world, although reliable data are still unavailable in several countries. Wide variations exist between the incidence rates of different populations, incidence is lowest in China and Venezuela (0.1 per 100,000 per year) and highest in Finland and Sardinia (37 per 100,000 per year). In most populations girls and boys are equally affected. In general, the incidence increases with age, the incidence peak is at puberty. After the pubertal years, the incidence rate significantly drops in young women, but remains relatively high in young adult males up to the age 29-35 years. Prospective national and large international registries (DIAMOND and EURODIAB) demonstrated an increasing trend in incidence in most regions of the world over the last few decades and increases seem to be the highest in the youngest age group. Analytical epidemiological studies have identified environmental risk factors operating early in life which might have contributed to the increasing trend in incidence. These include enteroviral infections in pregnant women, older maternal age (39-42 years), preeclampsia, cesarean section delivery, increased birthweight, early introduction of cow's milk proteins and an increased rate of postnatal growth (weight and height). Optimal vitamin D supplementation during early life has been shown to be protective. Some of these environmental risk factors such as viruses may initiate autoimmunity toward the beta cell, other exposures may put on overload on the already affected beta cell and thus accelerate the disease process.
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Genetic changes or more children being born from mothers with type 1 diabetes cannot solely explain the rapid rates of increased incidence of type 1 diabetes.
“Genetic changes or more children being born from mothers with type 1 diabetes cannot solely explain such rapid rates of increased incidence.22”
From Type 1 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [22]
The 'Temporal trends in incidence' section reports rising childhood type 1 diabetes incidence, and 'Childhood type 1 diabetes' offers environmental and lifestyle factors as potential explanations. This supports the broader point that genetics alone need not explain the increase, but the paper does not address whether an increase in births to mothers with type 1 diabetes could explain it. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOn average, girls and boys are equally affected by type 1 diabetes in young populations.
“on average girls and boys are equally affected with T1D in young populations28.”
From Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [28]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Soltesz, G., Patterson, C., Dahlquist, G., & EURODIAB Study Group
- Affiliations
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Umeå University (SE)
- University of Pecs (HU)
- Venue
- Pediatric Diabetes
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-10
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- s6
- Pages
- 6-14
- ISSN
- 1399-543X (ISSN-L)
- 1399-5448
- OpenAlex
- W1975485945
- Cited by
- 371
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 10.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Pediatric Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, pediatric diabetes, incidence trends, sex differences in incidence, age of onset, environmental risk factors, maternal age, preeclampsia, cesarean section, birth weight, cow's milk introduction, postnatal growth, vitamin D supplementation, islet autoimmunity
- MeSH terms
- Child, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Geography, Humans, Seasons, Sex Characteristics, Incidence, Confidence Intervals, Epidemiologic Studies, Age Distribution
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