Incidence, characteristics and outcome of ICU-acquired candidemia in India
Abstract
Purpose A systematic epidemiological study on intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired candidemia across India.Method A prospective, nationwide, multicentric, observational study was conducted at 27 Indian ICUs. Consecutive patients who acquired candidemia after ICU admission were enrolled during April 2011 through September 2012. Clinical and laboratory variables of these patients were recorded. The present study is an analysis of data specific for adult patients.Results Among 1,400 ICU-acquired candidemia cases (overall incidence of 6.51 cases/1,000 ICU admission), 65.2 % were adult. Though the study confirmed the already known risk factors for candidemia, the acquisition occurred early after admission to ICU (median 8 days; interquartile range 4-15 days), even infecting patients with lower APACHE II score at admission (median 17.0; mean ± SD 17.2 ± 5.9; interquartile range 14-20). The important finding of the study was the vast spectrum of agents (31 Candida species) causing candidemia and a high rate of isolation of Candida tropicalis (41.6 %). Azole and multidrug resistance were seen in 11.8 and 1.9 % of isolates. Public sector hospitals reported a significantly higher presence of the relatively resistant C. auris (8.2 vs. 3.9 %; p = 0.008) and C. rugosa (5.6 vs. 1.5 %; p = 0.001). The 30-day crude and attributable mortality rates of candidemia patients were 44.7 and 19.6 %, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant independent predictors of mortality including admission to public sector hospital, APACHE II score at admission, underlying renal failure, central venous catheterization and steroid therapy.Conclusion The study highlighted a high burden of candidemia in Indian ICUs, early onset after ICU admission, higher risk despite less severe physiology score at admission and a vast spectrum of agents causing the disease with predominance of C. tropicalis.
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Patients colonized with C. auris can progress to having invasive infections, which are associated with crude mortality rates of 30%-72%.
“Patients colonized with C. auris can progress to having invasive infections, which are associated with crude mortality rates of 30%–72% (4,5).”
From Progression from <i>Candida auris</i> Colonization Screening to Clinical Case Status, United States, 2016–2023 (2025) · cites this paper as [5]
C. glabrata prevalence varies with geographic area.
“Its prevalence varies with the geographic area [2,3,4].”
From Candida glabrata: A Lot More Than Meets the Eye (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
In Asia, C. glabrata ranks as the third or fourth most prevalent invasive Candida pathogen.
“While C. glabrata is the second most common bloodstream Candida species after C. albicans in Northern Europe and the USA [1,5,6], it ranks as the third or fourth most prevalent invasive Candida pathogen in Asia [4,6,7].”
From Candida glabrata: A Lot More Than Meets the Eye (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
In a 2015 study conducted in ICU centres across India, 5.2% of C. albicans strains sourced from ICU-acquired candidaemia were identified as fluconazole resistant.
“In a 2015 study conducted in ICU centres across India, 5.2% of C. albicans strains sourced from ICU-acquired candidaemia were identified as fluconazole resistant.70”
From Molecular and genetic basis of azole antifungal resistance in the opportunistic pathogenic fungus<i>Candida albicans</i> (2020) · cites this paper as [70]
In India and Latin America, Candida tropicalis is one of the most frequently encountered species.
“In India and Latin America, it has been reported that C. tropicalis is one of the most frequently encountered species.7,23,24”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Chakrabarti, A., Sood, P., Rudramurthy, S. M., Chen, S., Kaur, H., Capoor, M., Chhina, D., Rao, R., Eshwara, V. K., Xess, I., Kindo, A. J., Umabala, P., Savio, J., Patel, A., Ray, U., Mohan, S., Iyer, R., Chander, J., Arora, A., Sardana, R., Roy, I., Appalaraju, B., Sharma, A., Shetty, A., Khanna, N., Marak, R., Biswas, S., Das, S., Harish, B. N., Joshi, S., & Mendiratta, D.
- Affiliations
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (IN)
- Safdarjang Hospital (IN)
- Dayanand Medical College & Hospital (IN)
- Apollo Hospitals (IN)
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal (IN)
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (IN)
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- St.John's Medical College Hospital (IN)
- Sterling Hospitals (IN)
- Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals (IN)
- Christian Medical College (IN)
- Global Hospitals (IN)
- Government Medical College and Hospital (IN)
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute (IN)
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals (IN)
- PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research (IN)
- Gauhati Medical College and Hospital (IN)
- P. D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre (IN)
- Batra Hospital and Medical Research Centre (IN)
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Tata Memorial Hospital (IN)
- University College of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IN)
- Manipal Hospital (IN)
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Chakrabarti, Arunaloke
- ORCID
- Venue
- Intensive Care Medicine
- Published
- 2014-12-16
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 285-295
- ISSN
- 0342-4642 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1238
- OpenAlex
- W2049669623
- Cited by
- 454
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 15.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Intensive Care Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Nosocomial Infections in ICU
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Infections and Treatments
- Keywords
- candidemia incidence, Candida tropicalis, Candida auris, Candida rugosa, antifungal resistance, azole resistance, multidrug resistance, mortality risk factors, APACHE II score, central venous catheterization, corticosteroid therapy, renal failure, public hospitals, India
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antifungal Agents, Candida, Candidiasis, Cross Infection, Female, Humans, India, Intensive Care Units, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Incidence, Logistic Models, APACHE, Candidemia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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