Candida auris: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, antifungal susceptibility, and infection control measures to combat the spread of infections in healthcare facilities

Ahmad, Suhail; Alfouzan, Wadha

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9040807

Cited by 269Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityInfection Control in HealthcareFungal Infections and Studies

Candida auris: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, antifungal susceptibility, and infection control measures to combat the spread of infections in healthcare facilities

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Ahmad, Suhail, Alfouzan, Wadha·2021·Microorganisms

DOI 10.3390/microorganisms9040807PMC PMC8069182

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Abstract

Candida auris, a recently recognized, often multidrug-resistant yeast, has become a significant fungal pathogen due to its ability to cause invasive infections and outbreaks in healthcare facilities which have been difficult to control and treat. The extraordinary abilities of C. auris to easily contaminate the environment around colonized patients and persist for long periods have recently resulted in major outbreaks in many countries. C. auris resists elimination by robust cleaning and other decontamination procedures, likely due to the formation of ‘dry’ biofilms. Susceptible hospitalized patients, particularly those with multiple comorbidities in intensive care settings, acquire C. auris rather easily from close contact with C. auris-infected patients, their environment, or the equipment used on colonized patients, often with fatal consequences. This review highlights the lessons learned from recent studies on the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, susceptibility, and molecular basis of resistance to antifungal drugs and infection control measures to combat the spread of C. auris infections in healthcare facilities. Particular emphasis is given to interventions aiming to prevent new infections in healthcare facilities, including the screening of susceptible patients for colonization; the cleaning and decontamination of the environment, equipment, and colonized patients; and successful approaches to identify and treat infected patients, particularly during outbreaks.

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Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that poses a serious threat to public health.
“Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that poses a serious threat to public health.”
From Yeast and filamentous Candida auris stimulate distinct immune responses in the skin (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant skin-tropic fungal pathogen that causes serious human infections.
“Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant skin-tropic fungal pathogen that causes serious human infections.”
From The Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris Induces IFNγ to Colonize the Skin (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
C. auris is an emerging fungal pathogen that can cause serious human infections.
“C. auris is an emerging fungal pathogen that can cause serious human infections [1,5,38,39].”
From The Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris Induces IFNγ to Colonize the Skin (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
C. auris is an emerging multi-drug-resistant fungal pathogen that can cause fatal infections in humans.
“C. auris is an emerging multi-drug-resistant fungal pathogen that can cause fatal infections in humans (1, 19, 20).”
From Differential skin immune responses in mice intradermally infected with Candida auris and Candida albicans (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen.
“Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that preferentially colonizes and persists in skin tissue”
From Single-cell transcriptomics unveils skin cell specific antifungal immune responses and IL-1Ra- IL-1R immune evasion strategies of emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris (2024) · cites this paper as [1]

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Ongoing Challenges with Healthcare-Associated Candida auris Outbreaks in Oman
Al-Maani, A. S., Paul, H. E., Al-Rashdi, A., Wahaibi, A. S. A., Al‐Jardani, A., AlAbri, A., Al-Balushi, M. K., Al-Abri, S., Reesi, M. A., Maqbali, A. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof5040101 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Filamentous growth is a general feature of Candida auris clinical isolates
Fan, S., Yue, H., Zheng, Q., Bing, J., Tian, S., Chen, J., Ennis, C. L., Nobile, C. J., Huang, G., & Du, H. (2021) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1093/mmy/myaa116 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Phenotypic switching in fungi
Jain, N., Hasan, F., & Fries, B. C. (2008) · Current Fungal Infection Reports · doi:10.1007/s12281-008-0026-y · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Simple, Low-Cost Detection of Candida parapsilosis Complex Isolates and Molecular Fingerprinting of Candida orthopsilosis Strains in Kuwait by ITS Region Sequencing and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis
Asadzadeh, M., Ahmad, S., Hagen, F., Meis, J. F. G. M., Al‐Sweih, N., & Khan, Z. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0142880 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
Assessment of risk factors for candidemia in non-neutropenic patients hospitalized in Internal Medicine wards: A multicenter study
Falcone, M., Tiseo, G., Tascini, C., Russo, A., Sozio, E., Raponi, G., Rosin, C., Pignatelli, P., Carfagna, P., Farcomeni, A., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2017.03.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Clinical Outcomes of Patients Treated for Candida auris Infections in a Multisite Health System, Illinois, USA
Hannan, K. N. A., Miller, J. L., Chiang, A., Mai, N., Levato, J., LaChance, E., Anderson, M., Beganovic, M., & Dela‐Pena, J. (2020) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2605.191588 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Editorial Commentary: Candida glabrata and FKS Mutations: Witnessing the Emergence of the True Multidrug-Resistant Candida
Ostrosky‐Zeichner, L. (2013) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cit140 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Otomastoiditis caused by Candida auris: Case report and literature review
Choi, H. I., An, J. Y., Hwang, J. J., Moon, S., & Son, J. S. (2017) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.12617 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Antifungal drug susceptibility, molecular basis of resistance to echinocandins and molecular epidemiology of fluconazole resistance among clinical Candida glabrata isolates in Kuwait
Al-Baqsami, Z. F., Ahmad, S., & Khan, Z. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63240-z · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citation
Management ofCandida aurisoutbreak in a tertiary-care setting in Saudi Arabia
Alshamrani, M. M., El‐Saed, A., Mohammed, A., Alghoribi, M. F., Johani, S. M. A., Cabanalan, H. C., & Balkhy, H. H. (2020) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1017/ice.2020.414 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Cluster of Candida auris Blood Stream Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Oman from 2016 to 2019
Mohsin, J., Weerakoon, S., Ahmed, S. A., Puts, Y., Balushi, Z. A., Meis, J. F. G. M., & Al‐Hatmi, A. M. S. (2020) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics9100638 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
TheGalleria mellonellainfection model as a system to investigate the virulence ofCandida aurisstrains
Romera, D., Aguilera-Correa, J. J., García-Coca, M., Mahíllo, I., Viñuela-Sandoval, L., García‐Rodríguez, J., & Esteban, J. (2020) · Pathogens and Disease · doi:10.1093/femspd/ftaa067 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A TaqMan Probe-Based Real-Time PCR Assay for the Rapid Identification of the Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen Candida auris on the BD Max System
Lima, A., Widen, R. E., Vestal, G. D., Uy, D., & Silbert, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01604-18 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Unique Cell Surface Mannan of Yeast Pathogen Candida auris with Selective Binding to IgG
Yan, L., Xia, K., Yu, Y., Miliakos, A., Chaturvedi, S., Zhang, F., Chen, S., Chaturvedi, V., & Linhardt, R. J. (2020) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00450 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Novel Multiplex Real-Time Quantitative PCR Detecting System Approach for Direct Detection of Candida Auris and its Relatives in Spiked Serum Samples
Arastehfar, A. A., Fang, W., Daneshnia, F., Al‐Hatmi, A. M. S., Liao, W., Pan, W., Khan, Z., Ahmad, S., Rosam, K., Lackner, M., et al. (2018) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb-2018-0227 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
Single-tube classical PCR for Candida auris and Candida haemulonii identification
Theill, L., Dudiuk, C., Morales-López, S. E., Berrío, I., Rodríguez, J. Y., Marín, A., Gamarra, S. P., & García‐Effrón, G. (2018) · Revista Iberoamericana de Micología · doi:10.1016/j.riam.2018.01.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Phenotypic switching in newly emerged multidrug-resistant pathogen Candida auris
Bentz, M. L., Sexton, D. J., Welsh, R. M., & Litvintseva, A. P. (2018) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1093/mmy/myy100 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A high‐throughput and rapid method for accurate identification of emerging multidrug‐resistant Candida auris
Aḥmad, A., Spencer, J. E., Lockhart, S. R., Singleton, S., Petway, D. J., Bagarozzi, D. A., & Herzegh, O. (2019) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.12907 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Development of Echinocandin Resistance in Candida tropicalis following Short-Term Exposure to Caspofungin for Empiric Therapy
Khan, Z., Ahmad, S., Mokaddas, E. M., Meis, J. F. G. M., Joseph, L., Abdullah, A. A., & Vayalil, S. (2018) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01926-17 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citation
Antifungal activity of octenidine dihydrochloride and ultraviolet-C light against multidrug-resistant Candida auris
Ponnachan, P., Vinod, V., Pullanhi, U., Varma, P. K., Singh, S. K., Biswas, R., & Kumar, A. (2018) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2018.09.008 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Candida lusitaniae in Kuwait: Prevalence, antifungal susceptibility and role in neonatal fungemia
Khan, Z., Ahmad, S., Al‐Sweih, N., Khan, S. I., & Joseph, L. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213532 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citation
On the Origin of Candida auris: Ancestor, Environmental Stresses, and Antiseptics
Sharma, M., & Chakrabarti, A. (2020) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02102-20 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
High-resolution fingerprinting of Candida parapsilosis isolates suggests persistence and transmission of infections among neonatal intensive care unit patients in Kuwait
Asadzadeh, M., Ahmad, S., Al‐Sweih, N., Hagen, F., Meis, J. F. G. M., & Khan, Z. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37855-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Internal validation of GPS ™ MONODOSE CanAur dtec‐ qPCR kit following the UNE / EN ISO / IEC 17025:2005 for detection of the emerging yeast Candida auris
Martı́nez-Murcia, A., Navarro, A., Bru, G., Chowdhary, A., Hagen, F., & Meis, J. F. G. M. (2018) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.12834 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Candida kefyr in Kuwait: Prevalence, antifungal drug susceptibility and genotypic heterogeneity
Ahmad, S., Khan, Z., Al‐Sweih, N., Alfouzan, W. A., Joseph, L., & Asadzadeh, M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240426 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
Risk Factors Associated With Invasive Fungal Infections in Kidney Transplant Patients
Leitheiser, S., Harner, A., Waller, J. L., Turrentine, J. E., Baer, S. L., Kheda, M., Nahman, N. S., & Colombo, R. E. (2019) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2019.10.008 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cloth Lanyards as a Source of Intermittent Transmission of Candida auris on an ICU*
Patterson, C. A., Wyncoll, D., Patel, A., Ceesay, Y., Newsholme, W., Chand, M., Mitchell, H., Tan, M., & Edgeworth, J. D. (2021) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000004843 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Neurosurgical device-associated infections due to Candida auris – Three cases from a single tertiary center
Khatamzas, E., Madder, H., & Jeffery, K. J. (2019) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2019.02.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Comparison of Two Commercially Available qPCR Kits for the Detection of Candida auris
Sattler, J., Noster, J., Brunke, A., Plum, G., Wiegel, P., Kurzai, O., Meis, J. F. G. M., & Hamprecht, A. G. (2021) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof7020154 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Candida ruelliae sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from flowers of Ruellia sp. (Acanthaceae)
Saluja, P., & Prasad, G. S. (2008) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2008.00372.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Potential transmission pathways of clinically relevant fungi in indoor swimming pool facilities
Ekowati, Y., Ferrero, G., Kennedy, M. D., Husman, A. M. D. R., & Schets, F. M. (2018) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.07.013 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Importation, Mitigation, and Genomic Epidemiology of Candida auris at a Large Teaching Hospital
Lesho, E. P., Bronstein, M. Z., McGann, P., Stam, J. A., Kwak, Y. I., Maybank, R. A., McNamara, J., Callahan, M., Campbell, J., Hinkle, M. K., et al. (2017) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1017/ice.2017.231 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Analysis of a Candida auris Outbreak Provides New Insights into an Emerging Pathogen
Wickes, B. L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02083-19 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Candida auris Bloodstream Infections in Russia
Barantsevich, N. E., Ветохина, А. В., Ayushinova, N. I., Oe, O., & Петровна, Б. Е. (2020) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics9090557 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
First reported outbreak of the emerging pathogen Candida auris in Canada
Eckbo, E. J., Wong, T., Bharat, A., Cameron-Lane, M., Hoang, L., Dawar, M., & Charles, M. (2021) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2021.01.013 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Candida auris: An Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance Threat
Vallabhaneni, S., Jackson, B. R., & Chiller, T. M. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m19-2205 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Four Pathogenic Candida Species Differ in Salt Tolerance
Krauke, Y., & Sychrová, H. (2010) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-010-9616-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Molecular Fingerprinting Studies Do Not Support Intrahospital Transmission of Candida albicans among Candidemia Patients in Kuwait
Asadzadeh, M., Ahmad, S., Al‐Sweih, N., & Khan, Z. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00247 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
Candida auris : An emerging multidrug-resistant pathogen of global significance
Khan, Z., & Ahmad, S. (2017) · Current Medicine Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cmrp.2017.11.004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
Free‐living amoebae promote Candida auris survival and proliferation in water
Hubert, F., Rodier, M., Minoza, A., Portet‐Sulla, V., Cateau, E., & Brunet, K. (2020) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/lam.13395 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Outbreak investigation of Candida auris at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan
Farooqi, J. Q., Soomro, A. S., Baig, M. A., Sajjad, S. F., Hamid, K., Jabeen, K., Naqvi, M., Nasir, N., Roshan, R., Mahmood, S. F., et al. (2020) · Journal of Infection Prevention · doi:10.1177/1757177420935639 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Diabetes, malignancy and age as predictors of Candida glabrata bloodstream infection: A re-evaluation of the risk factors
Smyth, J., Mullen, C. G., Jack, L., Collier, A., & Bal, A. M. (2018) · Journal de Mycologie Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.05.004 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Impact of Environmental Decontamination in a Candida auris Outbreak
Shackleton, J., Hall, A., Ryan, L., Cervera‐Jackson, R., Rochon, M., & Schelenz, S. (2018) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.22756.07043 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

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Synthetic Glycans to Improve Current Glycoconjugate Vaccines and Fight Antimicrobial Resistance
Bino, L. D., Østerlid, K. E., Wu, D., Nonne, F., Romano, M. R., Codée, J. D. C., & Adamo, R. (2022) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00021 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
The WHO fungal priority pathogens list: a crucial reappraisal to review the prioritisation
Casalini, G., Giacomelli, A., & Antinori, S. (2024) · The Lancet Microbe · doi:10.1016/s2666-5247(24)00042-9 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
In vivo emergence of high-level resistance during treatment reveals the first identified mechanism of amphotericin B resistance in Candida auris
Rybak, J. M., Barker, K. S., Muñoz, J. F., Parker, J. E., Ahmad, S., Mokaddas, E., Abdullah, A., Elhagracy, R. S., Kelly, S. L., Cuomo, C. A., et al. (2022) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.024 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
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Candida auris Outbreaks: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Gaetano, S. D., Midiri, A., Mancuso, G., Avola, M. G., & Biondo, C. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12050927 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Virulence Factors of Candida spp. and Host Immune Response Important in the Pathogenesis of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Czechowicz, P., Nowicka, J., & Gościniak, G. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23115895 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Emerging Fungal Infections: New Species, New Names, and Antifungal Resistance
Wiederhold, N. P. (2021) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvab217 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Community-Scale Wastewater Surveillance of Candida auris during an Ongoing Outbreak in Southern Nevada
Barber, C. A., Crank, K. C., Papp, K., Innes, G. K., Schmitz, B. W., Chavez, J., Rossi, A., & Gerrity, D. W. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c07763 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Clinical isolates of Candida auris with enhanced adherence and biofilm formation due to genomic amplification of ALS4
Bing, J., Guan, Z., Zheng, T., Zhang, Z., Fan, S., Ennis, C. L., Nobile, C. J., & Huang, G. (2023) · PLOS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1011239 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Strategies to Prevent Transmission of Candida auris in Healthcare Settings
Ahmad, S., & Asadzadeh, M. (2023) · Current Fungal Infection Reports · doi:10.1007/s12281-023-00451-7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
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Candida auris: A Quick Review on Identification, Current Treatments, and Challenges
Černáková, L., Roudbary, M., Brás, S., Tafaj, S., & Rodrigues, C. F. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094470 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
What Do We Know about Candida auris? State of the Art, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Directions
García-Bustos, V., Cabañero-Navalón, M. D., Ruiz‐Saurí, A., Gaitán, A. C. R., Salavert, M., Tormo‐Más, M. Á., & Pemán, J. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9102177 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Candida haemulonii Complex and Candida auris: Biology, Virulence Factors, Immune Response, and Multidrug Resistance
Gómez-Gaviria, M., Martínez-Álvarez, J. A., Chávez-Santiago, J. O., & Mora-Montes, H. M. (2023) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s402754 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Whole genome sequencing analysis demonstrates therapy‐induced echinocandin resistance in Candida auris isolates
Spruijtenburg, B., Ahmad, S., Asadzadeh, M., Alfouzan, W., Al‐Obaid, I., Mokaddas, E., Meijer, E. F. J., Meis, J. F., & de Groot, T. (2023) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.13655 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
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Perspective on the origin, resistance, and spread of the emerging human fungal pathogen Candida auris
Sharma, C., & Kadosh, D. (2023) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1011190 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Molecular characterisation of Candida auris isolates from immunocompromised patients in a tertiary‐care hospital in Kuwait reveals a novel mutation in FKS1 conferring reduced susceptibility to echinocandins
Asadzadeh, M., Mokaddas, E., Ahmad, S., Abdullah, A. A., de Groot, T., Meis, J. F., & Shetty, S. A. (2022) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/myc.13419 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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The laboratory investigation, management, and infection prevention and control of Candida auris: a narrative review to inform the 2024 national guidance update in England
Jones, C. R., Neill, C., Borman, A. M., Budd, E. L., Cummins, M. N., Fry, C., Guy, R. L., Jeffery, K. J., Johnson, E. M., Manuel, R. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001820 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The rise of Candida auris: from unique traits to co-infection potential
Egger, N. B., Kainz, K., Schulze, A., Bauer, M. A., Madeo, F., & Carmona‐Gutiérrez, D. (2022) · Microbial Cell · doi:10.15698/mic2022.08.782 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Candida auris: A Mini Review on Epidemiology in Healthcare Facilities in Asia
Thatchanamoorthy, N., Rukumani, D. V., Samudi, C., & Tay, S. T. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8111126 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Comprehensive Overview of Candida auris : An Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Fungal Pathogen
Kim, J.-S., Cha, H., & Bahn, Y. (2024) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.2404.04040 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Fungal Metabolomics: A Comprehensive Approach to Understanding Pathogenesis in Humans and Identifying Potential Therapeutics
Alves, V., Zamith‐Miranda, D., Frasés, S., & Nosanchuk, J. D. (2025) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof11020093 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
How does antifungal resistance vary in Candida (Candidozyma) auris and its clades? Quantitative and qualitative analyses and their clinical implications
da Silva, K. J. G., Lucini, F., Santos, R., Santos, D. A., Meis, J. F. G. M., Melhem, M. D. S. C., Peres, N. T. A., Bastos, R. W., & Rossato, L. L. (2025) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2025.04.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Role of B-Cells and Antibodies against Candida Vaccine Antigens in Invasive Candidiasis
Shukla, M., Chandley, P., & Rohatgi, S. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9101159 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Fatal Breakthrough Candidemia in an Immunocompromised Patient in Kuwait Due to Candida auris Exhibiting Reduced Susceptibility to Echinocandins and Carrying a Novel Mutation in Hotspot-1 of FKS1
Al-Obaid, I., Asadzadeh, M., Ahmad, S., Alobaid, K., Alfouzan, W., Bafna, R., Emara, M., & Joseph, L. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8030267 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Secreted aspartyl protease 3 regulated by the Ras/cAMP/PKA pathway promotes the virulence of Candida auris
Kim, J.-S., ‍Lee, K.-T., & Bahn, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1257897 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Risk factors, antifungal susceptibility, complications, and outcome of Candida auris bloodstream infection in a tertiary care center in the western region of Saudi Arabia
Munshi, A., Almadani, F., Ossenkopp, J., Alharbi, M., Althaqafi, A., Alsaedi, A., Al-Amri, A., & Almarhabi, H. (2024) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2023.11.021 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Increasing Number of Cases Due to Candida auris in North Italy, July 2019–December 2022
Sticchi, C., Raso, R., Ferrara, L., Vecchi, E., Ferrero, L., Filippi, D., Finotto, G., Frassinelli, E., Silvestre, C., Zozzoli, S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12051912 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Emerging Microorganisms and Infectious Diseases: One Health Approach for Health Shared Vision
Ristori, M. V., Guarrasi, V., Soda, P., Petrosillo, N., Gurrieri, F., Longo, U. G., Ciccozzi, M., Riva, E., & Angeletti, S. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15070908 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
New antifungal strategies and drug development against WHO critical priority fungal pathogens
Li, Y., Liu, Y., Jiang, Y., Yang, Y., Ni, W., Zhang, W., & Tan, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2025.1662442 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Differential skin immune responses in mice intradermally infected with Candida auris and Candida albicans
Datta, A., Das, D., Nett, J. E., Vyas, J. M., Lionakis, M. S., & Thangamani, S. (2023) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.02215-23 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“auris is an emerging multi-drug-resistant fungal pathogen that can cause fatal infections in humans (1, 19, 20).”
Background
Epidemiology of Candidemia in Kuwait: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study
Alobaid, K., Ahmad, S., Asadzadeh, M., Mokaddas, E. M., Al‐Sweih, N., Benwan, K. A., Alfouzan, W. A., Al‐Obaid, I., Jeragh, A., Al-Roomi, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof7080673 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
Immunopathogenesis of Emerging Candida auris and Candida haemulonii Strains
Pharkjaksu, S., Boonmee, N., Mitrpant, C., & Ngamskulrungroj, P. (2021) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof7090725 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics of Neonates with Candidemia and Impacts of Therapeutic Strategies on the Outcomes
Chen, Y.-N., Hsu, J., Chu, S., Lai, M., Lin, C., Huang, H., Yang, P., Chiang, M., & Tsai, M.-H. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8050465 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A case of Candida auris candidemia in Xiamen, China, and a comparative analysis of clinical isolates in China
Bing, J., Wang, S., Xu, H., Fan, S., Du, H., Nobile, C. J., & Huang, G. (2021) · Mycology&#58 An International Journal on Fungal Biology · doi:10.1080/21501203.2021.1994479 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fungal thermotolerance revisited and why climate change is unlikely to be supercharging pathogenic fungi (yet)
Money, N. P. (2024) · Fungal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2024.01.005 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Flo Adhesin Family
Willaert, R., Kayacan, Y., & Devreese, B. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10111397 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Prospective study of Candida auris nucleic acids in wastewater solids in 190 wastewater treatment plants in the United States suggests widespread occurrence
Zulli, A., Chan, E. M. G., Shelden, B., Duong, D. H., Xu, X., White, B. J., Wolfe, M. K., & Boehm, A. B. B. (2024) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00908-24 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Diagnostic Approaches for Candida auris: A Comprehensive Review of Screening, Identification, and Susceptibility Testing
Hsu, C., & Yassin, M. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13071461 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Melanization of Candida auris Is Associated with Alteration of Extracellular pH
Smith, D. F. Q., Mudrak, N. J., Zamith‐Miranda, D., Honorato, L., Nimrichter, L., Chrissian, C., Smith, B., Gerfen, G. J., Stark, R. E., Nosanchuk, J. D., et al. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8101068 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Authors: Ahmad, S., & Alfouzan, W.
Affiliations: Kuwait University (KW)
Corresponding author: Ahmad, Suhail
ORCID: Ahmad, Suhail
Alfouzan, Wadha
Venue: Microorganisms
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2021-04-11
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Pages: 807
ISSN: 2076-2607 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040807
PMC: PMC8069182
OpenAlex: W3156847645
Cited by: 269
References: 187
Citations by year: 2026: 55 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13
FWCI: 4.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Microorganisms (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Kuwait University (MI 01/15)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
Keywords: Candida auris, multidrug resistance, antifungal susceptibility, antifungal resistance mechanisms, nosocomial infections, infection control, environmental contamination, intensive care unit, colonization screening, decontamination, pathogenesis

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Candida auris: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, antifungal susceptibility, and infection control measures to combat the spread of infections in healthcare facilities

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