The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 32 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias
Open accessAbstract
Background: Implicit negative attitudes towards other races are important in certain kinds of prejudicial social behaviour. Emotional mechanisms are thought to be involved in mediating implicit “outgroup” bias but there is little evidence concerning the underlying neurobiology. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of noradrenergic mechanisms in the generation of implicit racial attitudes. Methods: Healthy volunteers ( n = 36) of white ethnic origin, received a single oral dose of the β-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol (40 mg), in a randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, design. Participants completed an explicit measure of prejudice and the racial implicit association test (IAT), 1–2 h after propranolol administration. Results: Relative to placebo, propranolol significantly lowered heart rate and abolished implicit racial bias, without affecting the measure of explicit racial prejudice. Propranolol did not affect subjective mood. Conclusions: Our results indicate that β-adrenoceptors play a role in the expression of implicit racial attitudes suggesting that noradrenaline-related emotional mechanisms may mediate negative racial bias. Our findings may also have practical importance given that propranolol is a widely used drug. However, further studies will be needed to examine whether a similar effect can be demonstrated in the course of clinical treatment.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 36 white healthy volunteers, a single 40 mg oral dose of propranolol reduced implicit racial bias on the IAT without changing explicit racial prejudice or subjective mood. The authors conclude that noradrenergic/β-adrenoceptor mechanisms may mediate implicit negative racial attitudes.
Key findings
- Propranolol significantly lowered heart rate relative to placebo (main effect of treatment: F(4, 30)=6.56, p=0.02; time × treatment: F(4, 30)=4.62, p=0.00).
- Propranolol abolished the implicit racial bias effect: the IAT effect was smaller in the propranolol group (M=0.26, SD=1.09) than placebo (M=1.02, SD=0.84; t(33)=2.3, p=0.03, d=0.8), with a significant congruency × treatment interaction (F(1, 33)=6.20, p=0.02).
- Explicit racial prejudice did not differ between groups, and no significant differences were found for religious, sexual, or drug-addiction prejudice (all p>0.2).
- Propranolol did not alter VAS ratings of tense, angry, happy, sad, tired, or alert (all p>0.2); 34% of propranolol participants had a “negative” IAT score versus 0% of placebo participants (χ²(1, n=37)=7.2, p=0.02).
Methods
- Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled design; 36 healthy volunteers of white ethnic origin, mostly British students, received either propranolol 40 mg orally (n=18) or placebo (n=18).
- Participants completed an explicit prejudice feeling thermometer at 70 min and a computerized racial picture version of the IAT at 120 min after drug administration; heart rate and subjective mood were monitored.
- IAT data were analyzed using Greenwald et al. (2003) improved algorithm; ANOVA was used for IAT, heart rate, and VAS, with post hoc unpaired t-tests, and Mann–Whitney U-tests for explicit prejudice scores.
Limitations
- The paper states that explicit and implicit prejudice measures were given in a fixed order with a time gap, which might have produced a confounding effect whereby prior explicit testing interacted with propranolol to affect the IAT.
- The paper notes that further studies are needed to determine whether the effect persists with sustained propranolol treatment, whether it modulates implicit bias outside the laboratory, and whether the action is peripheral or central.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (n=36), all white and mostly from a British student population, and the study used only behavioral measures; the authors also note that the IAT effect in the propranolol group was not significant, and the chi-square test reports n=37 despite 36 participants.
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Claims the paper makes
22 Not checked yet · 12 Own result · 5 Own method · 3 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our subjective ratings do not suggest that propranolol caused sedation relative to placebo.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative to placebo, propranolol significantly lowered heart rate and abolished implicit racial bias, without affecting the measure of explicit racial prejudice.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“However, an unpaired t-test showed the difference between congruent and incongruent trials (the IAT effect) was significantly smaller in the propranolol (M=0.26, SD=1.09) as compared to the placebo group (M=1.02, SD=0.84) (t(33) = 2.3, p=0.03; d=0.8)”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The main finding of our study is that propranolol significantly reduced implicit but not explicit racial bias.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“without affecting the measure of explicit racial prejudice”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“We found no effect of propranolol on the measure of explicit prejudice as judged using the Mann–Whitney U-test for independent, non-parametric data.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“propranolol significantly reduced implicit but not explicit racial bias”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Abstract > Results
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no significant difference between the propranolol and placebo groups was found for religious prejudice, sexual prejudice, or prejudice against drug addicted individuals (all p>0.2)”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the propranolol group 34% of the participants had a “negative” IAT score (they were faster in the “bias”-incongruent as compared to the congruent condition). In the placebo group no subject had such a score. This difference was significant (χ2(1, n=37) = 7.2, p=0.02).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
plaindirectn = 37 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, propranolol did not cause an overall slowing of reaction time in the IAT task.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as well as a significant congruency × treatment interaction (F(1, 33) = 6.20, p =0.02)”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The measure of the IAT reaction times showed the expected main effect of congruency (F(1, 33) = 13.60, p=0.001) (i.e., the IAT effect)”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Propranolol did not affect subjective mood.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Relative to placebo, propranolol did not alter VAS ratings of any of the six emotions (no main or interaction effects on ANOVA, all p>0.2).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Abstract > Results
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Phelps et al (2000) found increased amygdala activity when white participants viewed faces of unknown black people, a finding confirmed by other studies (Amodio 2003; Lieberman et al. 2005; Wheeler and Fiske 2005).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative to placebo, propranolol significantly lowered heart rate and abolished implicit racial bias, without affecting the measure of explicit racial prejudice.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Propranolol significantly lowered heart rate (calculated as change from baseline) as shown by a significant main effect of treatment on the ANOVA (F(4, 30) = 6.56, p=0.02), as well as a time × treatment (F(4, 30) = 4.62, p=0.00).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Abstract > Results
plaindirectn = 36 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Paired t-tests also revealed that an IAT effect (a significant difference between the congruent and incongruent trials) could be determined for both practice (M=112.13, SD=111.06) and main (M=161.05, SD=244.53) trials in the placebo group (t(17) = 4.30, p=0.001; t(17) = 2.80, p=0.01)”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our finding that the physiological effect of propranolol (a significant drop in heart rate) was present and similar throughout the relevant testing period (60–120 min).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The implicit association test (IAT) (Greenwald et al. 2009) is a widely used method to assess implicit attitudes to which individuals may have limited introspective access (Nosek et al. 2007).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greenwald et al. 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites Nosek et al. 2007
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The dominance of political norms of equality and tolerance in Western democracies limits the overt expression of prejudice in such countries (Schuman et al. 1997).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schuman et al. 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only data from blocks with less than 15% errors were analysed (one participant was excluded due to more than 20% errors on practice and main trials, for three other participants only the main trials were analysed due to too many errors in the practice trials).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Methods and materials > Statistics
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in a randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, design.”
- Also stated in: § Procedure · plain
“Participants were randomly allocated to take either propranolol (40 mg orally) or placebo in identical capsules in a parallel group, double-blind design.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Abstract > Methods
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Procedure · plain
In the paper
“The IAT was analysed according to the improved algorithm as provided by Greenwald et al. (2003).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Methods and materials > Statistics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greenwald et al. (2003) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that our measures of explicit and implicit prejudice were given in a fixed order with a time gap between the two in order to try to avoid the tests influencing each other (e.g., to reduce awareness that “prejudice” was tested). This might have produced a confounding effect whereby previous explicit testing of prejudice interacted with propranolol to affect the IAT.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The design of the task followed that of the original version used by Greenwald et al. (1998).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Methods and materials > Tasks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greenwald et al. (1998) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is now extensive evidence that the IAT is a reliable measure of implicit attitudes towards social outgroups, whether based on race, sexual orientation, gender, or political preference (Nosek et al. 2007).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nosek et al. 2007
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The groups were well matched in terms of demographic measures as well as measures of mood (Table 1).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
boostedn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They were screened by a trained clinician to be free of any Axis 1 Psychiatric Disorder using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV); they also underwent a brief medical examination which included an ECG and blood pressure measurement to exclude those suffering any medical contraindication to propranolol administration (epilepsy, asthma, heart disease).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Methods and materials > Participants
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis further suggests that the IAT is a consistently better predictor of discrimination against out-group members than measures of explicit prejudice (Poehlman et al. 2004).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Poehlman et al. 2004
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A feeling thermometer, an established tool for measuring explicit prejudice (Converse and Presser 1986), was used”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Methods and materials > Tasks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Converse and Presser 1986
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“prior studies have shown that propranolol can reduce amygdala response to visual stimuli associated with negative emotions such as fear and anger (Van Stegeren et al. 2005)”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Stegeren et al. 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Phelps et al (2003) found that a single patient with bilateral amygdala damage exhibited an intact IAT effect”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Phelps et al (2003) source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“previous neuroimaging studies found that increased amygdala activation was associated with implicit prejudice but not with explicit racial attitudes (Phelps et al. 2000).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Phelps et al. 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these previous studies are largely correlational in nature, and cannot establish the causal mechanisms that underlie implicit bias.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hurlemann et al. (2010a, b) have suggested that the ability of oxytocin to facilitate socially reinforced learning is mediated via beta-adrenergic mechanisms in the amygdala.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hurlemann et al. (2010a, b)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“De Dreu et al (2011) reported that in-group favouritism was increased by oxytocin”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Dreu et al (2011) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the role of noradrenergic transmission in the basolateral amygdala in emotional processing has also been demonstrated in animal studies (McGaugh 2000).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McGaugh 2000 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Van Stegeren et al (1998) found that memory for emotional stimuli was impaired by propranolol but not nadolol, suggesting a central location for the relevant β-adrenoceptors.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Stegeren et al (1998) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Negative evaluations of minority groups are a central source of avoidance, discrimination, and conflict.
“Negative evaluations of minority groups are a central source of avoidance, discrimination, and conflict — problems which are of particular importance in today’s increasingly cosmopolitan world.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Implicit negative attitudes towards other races are important in certain kinds of prejudicial social behaviour.
“Implicit negative attitudes towards other races are important in certain kinds of prejudicial social behaviour.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is extensive evidence that implicit bias remains a live and potent influence.
“There is, however, extensive evidence that implicit bias — automatic negative attitudes associated with out-group members (Greenwald et al. 1998) — remains a live and a potent influence.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The study found that compared to placebo, propranolol eliminated implicit bias and reduced heart rate, but had no effect on explicit bias (measured by feeling thermometer: warmth towards blacks, whites, homosexuals, Muslims, Christians, drug addicts).”
From Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“One British study found that pharmacological intervention can reduce implicit bias.”
From Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(4, 30) = 6.56reported p = .02 · recomputed p < .001
“F(4, 30) = 6.56, p = .02”
The paper states a correction for multiple tests
- ConsistentF(4, 30) = 4.62reported p = 0 · recomputed p = .005
“F(4, 30) = 4.62, p = .00”
- Consistentt(33) = 2.51reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .017
“t(33) = 2.51, p = .02”
- Consistentt(34) = 2.4reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .022
“t(34) = 2.4, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 33) = 13.6reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1, 33) = 13.60, p = .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 33) = 6.2reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .018
“F(1, 33) = 6.20, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 33) = 0.26reported p = .61 · recomputed p = .614
“F(1, 33) = 0.26, p = .61”
- Consistentt(33) = -1.85reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .073
“t(33) = −1.85, p > .05”
- Consistentt(33) = 0.95reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .349
“t(33) = 0.95, p > .05”
- Consistentt(33) = 2.3reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .028
“t(33) = 2.3, p = .03”
- Consistentt(17) = 4.3reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(17) = 4.30, p = .001”
The paper prints p at a floor (such as p < .001)
- Consistentt(17) = 2.8reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .012
“t(17) = 2.80, p = .01”
- Consistentt(18) = -0.53reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .603
“t(18) = −0.53, p > .05”
- Consistentt(18) = 1.82reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .085
“t(18)=1.82, p > .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
“This difference was significant (χ2(1, n=37) = 7.2, p=0.02).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
“We studied 36 participants, 18 of whom received propranolol and 18 placebo.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Methods and materials > Statistics
“For the IAT the main between subject factor was also “Time” while the within-subject factor was “congruency” (congruent vs. incongruent) stimuli.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
“as well as a significant congruency × treatment interaction (F(1, 33) = 6.20, p =0.02).”
Citations
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Items 101–149 of 149
La permisibilidad ética de las tecnologías de biomejora moral
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Realistic Means of Enhancing Morality and Why Compulsory MBE is Ineffecive
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May, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.003.0004
May, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.002.0008
May, J. (2023) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.002.0003
May, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.003.0001
May, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.003.0009
May, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.003.0003
May, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.003.0002
May, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.003.0006
May, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.003.0005
May, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.003.0008 · Cited by 1
May, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.003.0007
May, J. (2023) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.002.0010
Too good for this world: moral bioenhancement and the ethics of making moral misfits
Ward, K. (2023) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2023-012709
Cognitive enhancement in the judiciary
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Structural Violence Is Not Fate
Ruíz, E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.003.0006
Ruíz, E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.002.0009
Ruíz, E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.003.0001
Structural Violence Is Profit-Driven
Ruíz, E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.003.0004
Structural Violence Is by Design
Ruíz, E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.003.0005
Ruíz, E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.002.0004
Ruíz, E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.002.0005
Ruíz, E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.002.0003
Structural Violence Is Historical
Ruíz, E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.003.0003
Ruíz, E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.002.0008
Clayton, M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191892592.003.0001
Ethics and Children’s Interests
Clayton, M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191892592.003.0005
From Parental Morality to Political Morality
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Family Values and Parents’ Interests
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What Is Independence for Children?
Clayton, M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191892592.003.0002
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Enhanced yet still in Control: Neuroenhancements in the Service of Autonomous Agency
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Moral Neuroenhancement and the Discernibility Challenge
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Social decision-making, morality, and dark personalities
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Metadata
- Authors
- Terbeck, S., Kahane, G., McTavish, S., Savulescu, J., Cowen, P. J., & Hewstone, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Terbeck, Sylvia
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2012-02-28
- Volume
- 222
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 419-424
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- PMC
- PMC3395337
- OpenAlex
- W2058912915
- Semantic Scholar
- 232df68583e4624a18a8bd0b1ebf6613b2c4219b
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 35.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (087208, WT087208MF, 086041, WT086041MA)
- Arts and Humanities Research Council (AH/F019513/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- propranolol, implicit racial bias, racial prejudice, beta-blockers, norepinephrine, emotional mechanisms, Implicit Association Test, heart rate, out-group bias, explicit prejudice
- MeSH terms
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, Double-Blind Method, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Prejudice, Propranolol, Social Behavior, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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