Performance on Indirect Measures of Race Evaluation Predicts Amygdala Activation
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We used fMRI to explore the neural substrates involved in the unconscious evaluation of Black and White social groups. Specifically, we focused on the amygdala, a subcortical structure known to play a role in emotional learning and evaluation. In Experiment 1, White American subjects observed faces of unfamiliar Black and White males. The strength of amygdala activation to Black-versus-White faces was correlated with two indirect (unconscious) measures of race evaluation (Implicit Association Test [IAT] and potentiated startle), but not with the direct (conscious) expression of race attitudes. In Experiment 2, these patterns were not obtained when the stimulus faces belonged to familiar and positively regarded Black and White individuals. Together, these results suggest that amygdala and behavioral responses to Black-versus-White faces in White subjects reflect cultural evaluations of social groups modified by individual experience.
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White participants viewing faces of unknown black people show increased amygdala activity.
“Phelps et al (2000) found increased amygdala activity when white participants viewed faces of unknown black people, a finding confirmed by other studies (Amodio 2003; Lieberman et al. 2005; Wheeler and Fiske 2005).”
From Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias (2012) · cites this paper as Phelps et al (2000)
The magnitude of amygdala activation is correlated with participants' IAT score.
“Importantly, the magnitude of amygdala activation was correlated with the participants’ IAT score.”
From Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias (2012) · cites this paper as Phelps et al (2000)
Increased amygdala activation is associated with implicit prejudice but not with explicit racial attitudes.
“previous neuroimaging studies found that increased amygdala activation was associated with implicit prejudice but not with explicit racial attitudes (Phelps et al. 2000).”
From Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias (2012) · cites this paper as Phelps et al. 2000
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Fiske, S. T., Bergsieker, H. B., Russell, A. M., & Williams, L. (2009) · Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x0909002x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
- Authors
- Phelps, E. A., O'Connor, K. J., Cunningham, W. A., Funayama, E. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Banaji, M. R.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Banaji, Mahzarin R.
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2000-09-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 729-738
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2169733554
- Cited by
- 1,001
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 67
- FWCI
- 93.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nrs.harvard.edu
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- James S. McDonnell Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-57672, R01MH057672)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS3332)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- amygdala, implicit racial attitudes, Implicit Association Test, intergroup attitudes
- MeSH terms
- Amygdala, Association, Awareness, Behavior, Black or African American, Emotions, Face, Famous Persons, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Reaction Time, Reflex, Startle, White People
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