The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 32 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias
Open accessAbstract
Background: Implicit negative attitudes towards other races are important in certain kinds of prejudicial social behaviour. Emotional mechanisms are thought to be involved in mediating implicit “outgroup” bias but there is little evidence concerning the underlying neurobiology. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of noradrenergic mechanisms in the generation of implicit racial attitudes. Methods: Healthy volunteers ( n = 36) of white ethnic origin, received a single oral dose of the β-adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol (40 mg), in a randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, design. Participants completed an explicit measure of prejudice and the racial implicit association test (IAT), 1–2 h after propranolol administration. Results: Relative to placebo, propranolol significantly lowered heart rate and abolished implicit racial bias, without affecting the measure of explicit racial prejudice. Propranolol did not affect subjective mood. Conclusions: Our results indicate that β-adrenoceptors play a role in the expression of implicit racial attitudes suggesting that noradrenaline-related emotional mechanisms may mediate negative racial bias. Our findings may also have practical importance given that propranolol is a widely used drug. However, further studies will be needed to examine whether a similar effect can be demonstrated in the course of clinical treatment.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 36 white healthy volunteers, a single 40 mg oral dose of propranolol reduced implicit racial bias on the IAT without changing explicit racial prejudice or subjective mood. The authors conclude that noradrenergic/β-adrenoceptor mechanisms may mediate implicit negative racial attitudes.
Key findings
- Propranolol significantly lowered heart rate relative to placebo (main effect of treatment: F(4, 30)=6.56, p=0.02; time × treatment: F(4, 30)=4.62, p=0.00).
- Propranolol abolished the implicit racial bias effect: the IAT effect was smaller in the propranolol group (M=0.26, SD=1.09) than placebo (M=1.02, SD=0.84; t(33)=2.3, p=0.03, d=0.8), with a significant congruency × treatment interaction (F(1, 33)=6.20, p=0.02).
- Explicit racial prejudice did not differ between groups, and no significant differences were found for religious, sexual, or drug-addiction prejudice (all p>0.2).
- Propranolol did not alter VAS ratings of tense, angry, happy, sad, tired, or alert (all p>0.2); 34% of propranolol participants had a “negative” IAT score versus 0% of placebo participants (χ²(1, n=37)=7.2, p=0.02).
Methods
- Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled design; 36 healthy volunteers of white ethnic origin, mostly British students, received either propranolol 40 mg orally (n=18) or placebo (n=18).
- Participants completed an explicit prejudice feeling thermometer at 70 min and a computerized racial picture version of the IAT at 120 min after drug administration; heart rate and subjective mood were monitored.
- IAT data were analyzed using Greenwald et al. (2003) improved algorithm; ANOVA was used for IAT, heart rate, and VAS, with post hoc unpaired t-tests, and Mann–Whitney U-tests for explicit prejudice scores.
Limitations
- The paper states that explicit and implicit prejudice measures were given in a fixed order with a time gap, which might have produced a confounding effect whereby prior explicit testing interacted with propranolol to affect the IAT.
- The paper notes that further studies are needed to determine whether the effect persists with sustained propranolol treatment, whether it modulates implicit bias outside the laboratory, and whether the action is peripheral or central.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (n=36), all white and mostly from a British student population, and the study used only behavioral measures; the authors also note that the IAT effect in the propranolol group was not significant, and the chi-square test reports n=37 despite 36 participants.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
22 Not checked yet · 12 Own result · 5 Own method · 3 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our subjective ratings do not suggest that propranolol caused sedation relative to placebo.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative to placebo, propranolol significantly lowered heart rate and abolished implicit racial bias, without affecting the measure of explicit racial prejudice.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“However, an unpaired t-test showed the difference between congruent and incongruent trials (the IAT effect) was significantly smaller in the propranolol (M=0.26, SD=1.09) as compared to the placebo group (M=1.02, SD=0.84) (t(33) = 2.3, p=0.03; d=0.8)”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The main finding of our study is that propranolol significantly reduced implicit but not explicit racial bias.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Abstract > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“without affecting the measure of explicit racial prejudice”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“We found no effect of propranolol on the measure of explicit prejudice as judged using the Mann–Whitney U-test for independent, non-parametric data.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“propranolol significantly reduced implicit but not explicit racial bias”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Abstract > Results
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no significant difference between the propranolol and placebo groups was found for religious prejudice, sexual prejudice, or prejudice against drug addicted individuals (all p>0.2)”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in the propranolol group 34% of the participants had a “negative” IAT score (they were faster in the “bias”-incongruent as compared to the congruent condition). In the placebo group no subject had such a score. This difference was significant (χ2(1, n=37) = 7.2, p=0.02).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
plaindirectn = 37 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, propranolol did not cause an overall slowing of reaction time in the IAT task.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as well as a significant congruency × treatment interaction (F(1, 33) = 6.20, p =0.02)”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The measure of the IAT reaction times showed the expected main effect of congruency (F(1, 33) = 13.60, p=0.001) (i.e., the IAT effect)”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Propranolol did not affect subjective mood.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Relative to placebo, propranolol did not alter VAS ratings of any of the six emotions (no main or interaction effects on ANOVA, all p>0.2).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Abstract > Results
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Phelps et al (2000) found increased amygdala activity when white participants viewed faces of unknown black people, a finding confirmed by other studies (Amodio 2003; Lieberman et al. 2005; Wheeler and Fiske 2005).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relative to placebo, propranolol significantly lowered heart rate and abolished implicit racial bias, without affecting the measure of explicit racial prejudice.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Propranolol significantly lowered heart rate (calculated as change from baseline) as shown by a significant main effect of treatment on the ANOVA (F(4, 30) = 6.56, p=0.02), as well as a time × treatment (F(4, 30) = 4.62, p=0.00).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Abstract > Results
plaindirectn = 36 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Paired t-tests also revealed that an IAT effect (a significant difference between the congruent and incongruent trials) could be determined for both practice (M=112.13, SD=111.06) and main (M=161.05, SD=244.53) trials in the placebo group (t(17) = 4.30, p=0.001; t(17) = 2.80, p=0.01)”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our finding that the physiological effect of propranolol (a significant drop in heart rate) was present and similar throughout the relevant testing period (60–120 min).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The implicit association test (IAT) (Greenwald et al. 2009) is a widely used method to assess implicit attitudes to which individuals may have limited introspective access (Nosek et al. 2007).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greenwald et al. 2009 source
- Not checked yetcites Nosek et al. 2007
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The dominance of political norms of equality and tolerance in Western democracies limits the overt expression of prejudice in such countries (Schuman et al. 1997).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schuman et al. 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only data from blocks with less than 15% errors were analysed (one participant was excluded due to more than 20% errors on practice and main trials, for three other participants only the main trials were analysed due to too many errors in the practice trials).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Methods and materials > Statistics
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in a randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, design.”
- Also stated in: § Procedure · plain
“Participants were randomly allocated to take either propranolol (40 mg orally) or placebo in identical capsules in a parallel group, double-blind design.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Abstract > Methods
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Procedure · plain
In the paper
“The IAT was analysed according to the improved algorithm as provided by Greenwald et al. (2003).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Methods and materials > Statistics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greenwald et al. (2003) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that our measures of explicit and implicit prejudice were given in a fixed order with a time gap between the two in order to try to avoid the tests influencing each other (e.g., to reduce awareness that “prejudice” was tested). This might have produced a confounding effect whereby previous explicit testing of prejudice interacted with propranolol to affect the IAT.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The design of the task followed that of the original version used by Greenwald et al. (1998).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Methods and materials > Tasks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greenwald et al. (1998) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is now extensive evidence that the IAT is a reliable measure of implicit attitudes towards social outgroups, whether based on race, sexual orientation, gender, or political preference (Nosek et al. 2007).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nosek et al. 2007
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The groups were well matched in terms of demographic measures as well as measures of mood (Table 1).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
boostedn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They were screened by a trained clinician to be free of any Axis 1 Psychiatric Disorder using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV); they also underwent a brief medical examination which included an ECG and blood pressure measurement to exclude those suffering any medical contraindication to propranolol administration (epilepsy, asthma, heart disease).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Methods and materials > Participants
plainn = 36- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis further suggests that the IAT is a consistently better predictor of discrimination against out-group members than measures of explicit prejudice (Poehlman et al. 2004).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Poehlman et al. 2004
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A feeling thermometer, an established tool for measuring explicit prejudice (Converse and Presser 1986), was used”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Methods and materials > Tasks
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Converse and Presser 1986
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“prior studies have shown that propranolol can reduce amygdala response to visual stimuli associated with negative emotions such as fear and anger (Van Stegeren et al. 2005)”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Stegeren et al. 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Phelps et al (2003) found that a single patient with bilateral amygdala damage exhibited an intact IAT effect”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Phelps et al (2003) source
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“previous neuroimaging studies found that increased amygdala activation was associated with implicit prejudice but not with explicit racial attitudes (Phelps et al. 2000).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Phelps et al. 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these previous studies are largely correlational in nature, and cannot establish the causal mechanisms that underlie implicit bias.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hurlemann et al. (2010a, b) have suggested that the ability of oxytocin to facilitate socially reinforced learning is mediated via beta-adrenergic mechanisms in the amygdala.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hurlemann et al. (2010a, b)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“De Dreu et al (2011) reported that in-group favouritism was increased by oxytocin”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Dreu et al (2011) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the role of noradrenergic transmission in the basolateral amygdala in emotional processing has also been demonstrated in animal studies (McGaugh 2000).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McGaugh 2000 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Van Stegeren et al (1998) found that memory for emotional stimuli was impaired by propranolol but not nadolol, suggesting a central location for the relevant β-adrenoceptors.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Stegeren et al (1998) source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Negative evaluations of minority groups are a central source of avoidance, discrimination, and conflict.
“Negative evaluations of minority groups are a central source of avoidance, discrimination, and conflict — problems which are of particular importance in today’s increasingly cosmopolitan world.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Implicit negative attitudes towards other races are important in certain kinds of prejudicial social behaviour.
“Implicit negative attitudes towards other races are important in certain kinds of prejudicial social behaviour.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is extensive evidence that implicit bias remains a live and potent influence.
“There is, however, extensive evidence that implicit bias — automatic negative attitudes associated with out-group members (Greenwald et al. 1998) — remains a live and a potent influence.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The study found that compared to placebo, propranolol eliminated implicit bias and reduced heart rate, but had no effect on explicit bias (measured by feeling thermometer: warmth towards blacks, whites, homosexuals, Muslims, Christians, drug addicts).”
From Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“One British study found that pharmacological intervention can reduce implicit bias.”
From Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(4, 30) = 6.56reported p = .02 · recomputed p < .001
“F(4, 30) = 6.56, p = .02”
The paper states a correction for multiple tests
- ConsistentF(4, 30) = 4.62reported p = 0 · recomputed p = .005
“F(4, 30) = 4.62, p = .00”
- Consistentt(33) = 2.51reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .017
“t(33) = 2.51, p = .02”
- Consistentt(34) = 2.4reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .022
“t(34) = 2.4, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 33) = 13.6reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1, 33) = 13.60, p = .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 33) = 6.2reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .018
“F(1, 33) = 6.20, p = .02”
- ConsistentF(1, 33) = 0.26reported p = .61 · recomputed p = .614
“F(1, 33) = 0.26, p = .61”
- Consistentt(33) = -1.85reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .073
“t(33) = −1.85, p > .05”
- Consistentt(33) = 0.95reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .349
“t(33) = 0.95, p > .05”
- Consistentt(33) = 2.3reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .028
“t(33) = 2.3, p = .03”
- Consistentt(17) = 4.3reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(17) = 4.30, p = .001”
The paper prints p at a floor (such as p < .001)
- Consistentt(17) = 2.8reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .012
“t(17) = 2.80, p = .01”
- Consistentt(18) = -0.53reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .603
“t(18) = −0.53, p > .05”
- Consistentt(18) = 1.82reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .085
“t(18)=1.82, p > .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
“This difference was significant (χ2(1, n=37) = 7.2, p=0.02).”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
“We studied 36 participants, 18 of whom received propranolol and 18 placebo.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Methods and materials > Statistics
“For the IAT the main between subject factor was also “Time” while the within-subject factor was “congruency” (congruent vs. incongruent) stimuli.”
§ Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias > Results
“as well as a significant congruency × treatment interaction (F(1, 33) = 6.20, p =0.02).”
Citations
Cites
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
(1976) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.1093/ajhp/33.4.373a · Cited by 9,216
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197 · Cited by 5,815
Memory - A century of consolidation
McGaugh, J. L. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5451.248 · Cited by 4,250
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015575 · Cited by 3,257
How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta‐analytic tests of three mediators
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.504 · Cited by 2,558
Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations
Bruce, S. E., Schuman, H., Steeh, C., & Bobo, L. D. (1987) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/590918 · Cited by 1,919
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013 · Cited by 1,793 · cited 1×
“Participants then completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Beck et al. 1961) and the Eysenck Neuroticism Scale (Eysenck and Eysenck 1964).”
Methodβ-Adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events
Cahill, L., Prins, B., Weber, M., & McGaugh, J. L. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/371702a0 · Cited by 1,271
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Converse JM, Presser S (1986) Survey questions, handcrafting the standardized questionnaire, series: quantitative applications in the social science 63. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications
- Eysenck HJ, Eysenck SBG (1964) Manual of the Eysenck personal inventory. Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego
- Poehlman TA, Uhlmann E, Greenwald AG, Banaji MR (2004) Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Eur J Soc Psychol 38:922–934
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Decety, J., Bartal, I. B.-A., Uzefovsky, F., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0077 · Cited by 740
A meta-analysis of procedures to change implicit measures
Forscher, P. S., Lai, C. K., Axt, J. R., Ebersole, C. R., Herman, M., Devine, P. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000160 · Cited by 700
FitzGerald, C., Martin, A., Berner, D., & Hurst, S. (2019) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-019-0299-7 · Cited by 477
Reducing Racial Inequities in Health: Using What We Already Know to Take Action
Williams, D. R., & Cooper, L. A. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16040606 · Cited by 415
The Neuroscience of Intergroup Relations
Cikara, M., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614527464 · Cited by 381
The nondiscriminating heart: Lovingkindness meditation training decreases implicit intergroup bias.
Kang, Y., Gray, J. R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0034150 · Cited by 219
Lai, C. K., Hoffman, K. M., & Nosek, B. A. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12023 · Cited by 239
Moral Enhancement, Freedom, and the God Machine
Savulescu, J., & Persson, I. (2012) · The Monist · doi:10.5840/monist201295321 · Cited by 197
Self-citationMoral enhancement, freedom, and what we (should) value in moral behaviour
DeGrazia, D. (2013) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-101157 · Cited by 182
Political Neuroscience: The Beginning of a Beautiful Friendship
Jost, J. T., Nam, H. H., Amodio, D. M., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2014) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12162 · Cited by 186
Virtual Morality: Transitioning from Moral Judgment to Moral Action?
Francis, K., Howard, C., Howard, I. S., Gummerum, M., Ganis, G., Anderson, G., & Terbeck, S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164374 · Cited by 170
Self-citationThe Artificial Moral Advisor. The “Ideal Observer” Meets Artificial Intelligence
Giubilini, A., & Savulescu, J. (2017) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-017-0285-z · Cited by 151
Self-citationWhy implicit attitudes are (probably) not beliefs
Madva, A. (2015) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-015-0874-2 · Cited by 121
Brief mindfulness meditation reduces discrimination.
Lueke, A. K., & Gibson, B. D. (2016) · Psychology of Consciousness Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/cns0000081 · Cited by 124
Transcutaneous Vagal Nerve Stimulation (tVNS): a new neuromodulation tool in healthy humans?
van Leusden, J. W. R., Sellaro, R., & Colzato, L. S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00102 · Cited by 101
Neuroethics and the Possible Types of Moral Enhancement
Shook, J. R. (2012) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2012.712602 · Cited by 88
Moral Enhancement and Artificial Intelligence: Moral AI?
Savulescu, J., & Maslen, H. (2014) · Topics in intelligent engineering and informatics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09668-1_6 · Cited by 91
Self-citationStereotypes, Prejudice, and the Taxonomy of the Implicit Social Mind1
Madva, A., & Brownstein, M. (2016) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/nous.12182 · Cited by 80
Reducing Prejudice Through Brain Stimulation
Sellaro, R., Derks, B., Nitsche, M. A., Hommel, B., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., van Dam, K., & Colzato, L. S. (2015) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2015.04.003 · Cited by 80
Noradrenaline effects on social behaviour, intergroup relations, and moral decisions
Terbeck, S., Savulescu, J., Chesterman, L. P., & Cowen, P. J. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.031 · Cited by 68
Self-citationBottiani, J. H., Bradshaw, C. P., & Mendelson, T. (2014) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2014.09.003 · Cited by 72
Why Sociology Matters to Race and Biosocial Science
Roberts, D. E., & Rollins, O. (2020) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054903 · Cited by 68
Are You Morally Modified?: The Moral Effects of Widely Used Pharmaceuticals
Levy, N. L., Douglas, T., Kahane, G., Terbeck, S., Cowen, P. J., Hewstone, M., & Savulescu, J. (2014) · Philosophy, psychiatry & psychology · doi:10.1353/ppp.2014.0023 · Cited by 62
Self-citationParadies, Y. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00372-6 · Cited by 58
Mateo, C. M., & Williams, D. R. (2020) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003683 · Cited by 56
Beta adrenergic blockade reduces utilitarian judgement
Terbeck, S., Kahane, G., Sarah, M., Julian, S., Levy, N. L., Hewstone, M., & Cowen, P. J. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.09.005 · Cited by 41
Self-citationThe effects of psychosocial stress on intergroup resource allocation
Schweda, A., Faber, N. S., Crockett, M. J., & Kalenscher, T. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54954-w · Cited by 39
Clayton, M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780191892592.001.0001 · Cited by 35
Racism in Pain Medicine: We Can and Should Do More
Strand, N. H., Mariano, E. R., Goree, J. H., Narouze, S., Doshi, T. L., Freeman, J. A., & Pearson, A. C. S. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.02.030 · Cited by 34
Lee, K. M., Lindquist, K. A., & Payne, B. K. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000347 · Cited by 38
Emotion recognition from faces with in- and out-group features in patients with depression
Liedtke, C., Kohl, W., Kret, M. E., & Koelkebeck, K. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.085 · Cited by 26
Reducing Implicit PrejudicePreprint
Lai, C., Hoffman, K., & Nosek, B. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2089158 · Cited by 201
Oh, you're racist? I've got a cure for that!
Thomas, J. M., & Brunsma, D. L. (2013) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2013.783223 · Cited by 23
Chronic Sleep Restriction Increases Negative Implicit Attitudes Toward Arab Muslims
Alkozei, A., Killgore, W. D. S., Smith, R. S., Dailey, N. S., Bajaj, S., & Haack, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04585-w · Cited by 21
The Trouble With Moral Enhancement
de Melo‐Martín, I. (2018) · Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement · doi:10.1017/s1358246118000279 · Cited by 19
Parrott, J. L., & Balakrishnan, V. K. (2016) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.3703 · Cited by 19
Ruíz, E. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.001.0001 · Cited by 20
Teachers as Prosocial Leaders Promoting Social and Emotional Learning
Jennings, P. A., Hofkens, T. L., Braun, S. S., Nicholas-Hoff, P. Y., Min, H. H., & Cameron, K. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0749-742320210000021006 · Cited by 15
Schweda, A., Margittai, Z., & Kalenscher, T. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104860 · Cited by 16
The Neural Mechanisms of Prejudice Intervention
Senholzi, K. B., & Kubota, J. T. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800935-2.00018-x · Cited by 14
Wu, Y., Zilioli, S., Eisenegger, C., Clark, L., & Li, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00193 · Cited by 14
Guidance for Behavior Analysts in Addressing Racial Implicit Bias
Jaramillo, C., & Nohelty, K. (2021) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-021-00631-2 · Cited by 15
β-Adrenoceptor blockade modulates fusiform gyrus activity to black versus white faces
Terbeck, S., Kahane, G., McTavish, S. F. B., McCutcheon, R. A., Hewstone, M., Savulescu, J., Chesterman, L., Cowen, P. J., & Norbury, R. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-3929-7 · Cited by 14
Self-citationAcute Stress Reduces Perceived Trustworthiness of Male Racial Outgroup Faces
Salam, A. P., Rainford, E., van Vugt, M., & Ronay, R. (2017) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-017-0065-0 · Cited by 15
Biological Interventions for Crime Prevention
Chew, C., Douglas, T., & Faber, N. S. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198758617.003.0002 · Cited by 13
Hopkins, P. D., & Fiser, H. L. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3182-y · Cited by 12
The Morality of Moral Neuroenhancement
Douglas, T. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4707-4_92 · Cited by 12
Uncovering Implicit Racial Bias in the Brain: The Past, Present & Future
Kubota, J. T. (2024) · Daedalus · doi:10.1162/daed_a_02050 · Cited by 12
Önyargıların Psikolojisi: Psikodinamik Bir Gözden Geçirme
Ilhan, R., & Çevik, A. (2013) · Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.7816/nesne-01-01-03 · Cited by 11
Transhumanism, Moral Perfection, and Those 76 Trombones
Koch, T. (2019) · The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.1093/jmp/jhz040 · Cited by 11
Living well by design : an account of permissible public nudging
Niker, F. (2026) · Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) · doi:10.82444/warw.33747937 · Cited by 11
Speech-Language Pathologists' Perceptions of Nonnative Accent: A Pilot Study
Chakraborty, R., Schwarz, A. L., & Vaughan, P. W. (2019) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2019_pers-sig17-2019-0030 · Cited by 11
Beautiful Melodies Telling Me Terrible Things
Hughey, M. W., & Byrd, W. C. (2015) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716215591477 · Cited by 9
Tran, A. G. T. T. (2018) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-018-9311-3 · Cited by 9
Shaw, E. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4707-4_169 · Cited by 9
May, J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197648087.001.0001 · Cited by 10
Moral Enhancement Worth Having: Thinking Holistically
Kabasenche, W. P. (2012) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2012.721464 · Cited by 7
Moral Enhancement, Gnosticism, and Some Philosophical Paradoxes
Barilan, Y. M. (2014) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180114000322 · Cited by 7
Moral Enhancement as a Collective Action Problem
Glannon, W. (2018) · Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement · doi:10.1017/s1358246118000292 · Cited by 7
Hung, T.-W. (2024) · Australasian Philosophical Review · doi:10.1080/24740500.2024.2562903 · Cited by 6
Are the current evaluation tools for advanced therapies biased?
Givens, R. C. (2021) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000000848 · Cited by 6
Reducing Implicit PrejudicePreprint
Lai, C. K., Nosek, B. A., & Hoffman, K. M. (2017) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7qmjc · Cited by 6
Enhancing the Capacity for Moral Agency
Lev, O. (2012) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2012.721462 · Cited by 5
Pills for Prejudice: Implicit Bias and Technical Fix for Racism
Kahn, J. (2017) · American Journal of Law & Medicine · doi:10.1177/0098858817723664 · Cited by 5
Are We Obliged to Enhance for Moral Perfection?
Archer, A. (2018) · The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.1093/jmp/jhy017 · Cited by 5
Why Human Prejudice is so Persistent: A Predictive Coding Analysis
Hung, T.-W. (2023) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691728.2023.2237942 · Cited by 5
Epistemic ethics justice: a “radical imaginary”
Koh, B. D. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1080/15313204.2023.2291658 · Cited by 3
Harnessing the outrage: it’s time the NHS tackled racial bias
Anekwe, L. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m341 · Cited by 3
Horror Videogame Sound Effects, Cardiovascular Arousal, and Ethnic Bias in the Decision to Shoot
Ballard, M. E., Spencer, M., Holtkamp, M. K., Sakrison, E., & Kindle, T. (2021) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.2.0175 · Cited by 3
Moral Enhancement by Technological Means: Possible, Permissible, a Duty?
Pustovrh, T., & Pirc, M. M. (2016) · Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems · doi:10.7906/indecs.14.4.2 · Cited by 3
García, A. (2013) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 3
Moral Enhancement – And the Opposite: Making People More or Less Moral
Dubljević, V., & Ranisch, R. (2018) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027993 · Cited by 3
Sechman, M. S., & Huang, L. T.-L. (2025) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-025-10176-6 · Cited by 2
Cosmopolitan Moral Enhancement
Hidalgo, J. S. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95303-5_10 · Cited by 2
Strategies of universalism: Ten routes toward unbiased solutions to social problems
Shkurko, A. (2021) · International Social Science Journal · doi:10.1111/issj.12306 · Cited by 2
Majeed, R. (2021) · The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/716168 · Cited by 2
Reply to Burchett, T.S. and Glenn, L.L. ‘Measurement validity of tests for implicit negative bias’
Terbeck, S., Kahane, G., McTavish, S. F. B., Savulescu, J., Cowen, P. J., & Hewstone, M. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2768-z · Cited by 2
Self-citationBioenhanced “Virtues” May Threaten Personal Identity
Lebkuecher, G., Hornewer, M., Samoska, S., Khan, S., Rempala, K., & Vukov, J. M. (2021) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1904047 · Cited by 2
The Experimental Psychology of Moral Enhancement: We Should If We Could, But We Can't
Terbeck, S., & Francis, K. (2018) · Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement · doi:10.1017/s1358246118000413 · Cited by 1
Self-citationWhy Students Bother Taking Adderall: Measurement Validity of Self-Reports
Terbeck, S. (2013) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2012.762064 · Cited by 1
Self-citationThe Role of the Emotions in Moral Neuroeducation
Palop, L. D. T. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22562-9_5 · Cited by 4
Reflex memory theory of acquired involuntary motor and sensory disorders
Oyigeya, M. (2021) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-021-00307-2 · Cited by 1
The challenge to race eliminativism from implicit bias research
Fuller, T. (2022) · Journal of Social Philosophy · doi:10.1111/josp.12447 · Cited by 1
Structural Violence Is Self-Repairing
Ruíz, E. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634028.003.0002 · Cited by 2
The Effects of High-Intensity Acute Exercise on Face-Name Memory in Healthy Young Adults
Gilbert, M., & Loprinzi, P. D. (2021) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-021-00120-6 · Cited by 3
Nguyen-Phuong-Mai, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644145 · Cited by 2
Measurement validity of tests for implicit negative bias
Burchett, T. S., & Glenn, L. L. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2765-2 · Cited by 1
Beyond the Ethnic Divide. Toward a Cultural-Sociological Understanding of Ethnocentrism
Manevska, K. (2014) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) · Cited by 1
Moral bioenhancement: an ethical and philosophical investigation
Palk, A. C. (2018) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 1
Prejudice in the lives of children and adolescents
Jackson, L. M., & Ellis, W. E. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00077-7 · Cited by 1
Introduction and Rationale for This Book
Warnick, J. E., & Landis, D. (2015) · International and cultural psychology/International and cultural psychology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2260-4_1
Moral enhancement and personal autonomy.
Venter, L. M. (2013) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)
ENHANCING THE VIRTUES OF STUDENTS
Enck, G. (2013)
Psychopharmacology and Prejudice
Terbeck, S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46338-4_4
Self-citationThe social neuroscience of biases in in-and-out-group face processing
Terbeck, S. (2017) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x15002411
Self-citationGyngell, C. A. (2014) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d7635cc3092a
de Araújo, M. (2016) · Filosofia Unisinos · doi:10.4013/fsu.2016.173.16
Commentary: Freedom Means Self-Awareness and Self-Control: Bioenhancement Can Help
Hughes, J. J. (2017) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180116001055
Paradies, Y. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.98834-2
Metadata
- Authors
- Terbeck, S., Kahane, G., McTavish, S., Savulescu, J., Cowen, P. J., & Hewstone, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Terbeck, Sylvia
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2012-02-28
- Volume
- 222
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 419-424
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- PMC
- PMC3395337
- OpenAlex
- W2058912915
- Semantic Scholar
- 232df68583e4624a18a8bd0b1ebf6613b2c4219b
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 35.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (087208, WT087208MF, 086041, WT086041MA)
- Arts and Humanities Research Council (AH/F019513/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- propranolol, implicit racial bias, racial prejudice, beta-blockers, norepinephrine, emotional mechanisms, Implicit Association Test, heart rate, out-group bias, explicit prejudice
- MeSH terms
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, Double-Blind Method, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Prejudice, Propranolol, Social Behavior, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
