Ayahuasca enhances creative divergent thinking while decreasing conventional convergent thinking
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Ayahuasca is a South American psychotropic plant tea traditionally used in Amazonian shamanism. The tea contains the psychedelic 5-HT2A receptor agonist N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), plus β-carboline alkaloids with monoamine oxidase-inhibiting properties. Increasing evidence from anecdotal reports and open-label studies indicates that ayahuasca may have therapeutic effects in treatment of substance use disorders and depression. A recent study on the psychological effects of ayahuasca found that the tea reduces judgmental processing and inner reactivity, classic goals of mindfulness psychotherapy. Another psychological facet that could potentially be targeted by ayahuasca is creative divergent thinking. This mode of thinking can enhance and strengthen psychological flexibility by allowing individuals to generate new and effective cognitive, emotional, and behavioral strategies. The present study aimed to assess the potential effects of ayahuasca on creative thinking. METHODS: We visited two spiritual ayahuasca workshops and invited participants to conduct creativity tests before and during the acute effects of ayahuasca. In total, 26 participants consented. Creativity tests included the "pattern/line meanings test" (PLMT) and the "picture concept test" (PCT), both assessing divergent thinking and the latter also assessing convergent thinking. RESULTS: While no significant effects were found for the PLMT, ayahuasca intake significantly modified divergent and convergent thinking as measured by the PCT. While convergent thinking decreased after intake, divergent thinking increased. CONCLUSIONS: The present data indicate that ayahuasca enhances creative divergent thinking. They suggest that ayahuasca increases psychological flexibility, which may facilitate psychotherapeutic interventions and support clinical trial initiatives.
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Ayahuasca improves creativity.
“improved creativity (Frecska et al., 2012; Kuypers et al., 2016)”
From Psychological variables implied in the therapeutic effect of ayahuasca: A contextual approach (2018) · cites this paper as Kuypers et al., 2016
The Discussion reports that ayahuasca enhanced creative divergent thinking during acute intoxication, but also decreased conventional convergent thinking. Thus, the unqualified claim of improved creativity overstates the mixed findings. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevious studies described increases in divergent thinking during ayahuasca intake and visual creativity after ritual use of ayahuasca.
“Previous studies described increases in divergent thinking during the ayahuasca intake (Kuypers 2016) and visual creativity after ritual use of ayahuasca (Frecska 2012).”
From Psychological variables implied in the therapeutic effect of ayahuasca: A contextual approach (2018) · cites this paper as Kuypers 2016
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Brain Entropy During Aging Through a Free Energy Principle Approach
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Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on reinforcement learning in humans
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Ayahuasca’s Antidepressant Effects Covary with Behavioral Activation as Well as Mindfulness
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Self-citationNeural and subjective effects of inhaled DMT in natural settingsPreprint
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Kuypers, K. P. C., Riba, J., de la Fuente Revenga, M., Barker, S., Theunissen, E. L., & Ramaekers, J. G.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kuypers, K. P. C.
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2016-07-19
- Volume
- 233
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 3395-3403
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- PMC
- PMC4989012
- OpenAlex
- W2492489237
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 19.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Keywords
- ayahuasca, divergent thinking, convergent thinking, creativity, N,N-dimethyltryptamine, 5-HT2A receptor agonists, psychological flexibility, psychedelic effects
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Alkaloids, Carbolines, Cognition, Creativity, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Judgment, Male, Middle Aged, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Plant Extracts, Psychotropic Drugs, Thinking, Banisteriopsis, Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A, Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Agonists, Mindfulness
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