Ego-dissolution and psychedelics: validation of the ego-dissolution inventory (EDI).
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AIMS: The experience of a compromised sense of "self", termed ego-dissolution, is a key feature of the psychedelic experience. This study aimed to validate the Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI), a new 8-item self-report scale designed to measure ego-dissolution. Additionally, we aimed to investigate the specificity of the relationship between psychedelics and ego-dissolution. METHOD: Sixteen items relating to altered ego-consciousness were included in an internet questionnaire; eight relating to the experience of ego-dissolution (comprising the EDI), and eight relating to the antithetical experience of increased self-assuredness, termed ego-inflation. Items were rated using a visual analog scale. Participants answered the questionnaire for experiences with classical psychedelic drugs, cocaine and/or alcohol. They also answered the seven questions from the Mystical Experiences Questionnaire (MEQ) relating to the experience of unity with one's surroundings. RESULTS: Six hundred and ninety-one participants completed the questionnaire, providing data for 1828 drug experiences (1043 psychedelics, 377 cocaine, 408 alcohol). Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that the eight EDI items loaded exclusively onto a single common factor, which was orthogonal to a second factor comprised of the items relating to ego-inflation (rho = -0.110), demonstrating discriminant validity. The EDI correlated strongly with the MEQ-derived measure of unitive experience (rho = 0.735), demonstrating convergent validity. EDI internal consistency was excellent (Cronbach's alpha 0.93). Three analyses confirmed the specificity of ego-dissolution for experiences occasioned by psychedelic drugs. Firstly, EDI score correlated with drug-dose for psychedelic drugs (rho = 0.371), but not for cocaine (rho = 0.115) or alcohol (rho = -0.055). Secondly, the linear regression line relating the subjective intensity of the experience to ego-dissolution was significantly steeper for psychedelics (unstandardized regression coefficient = 0.701) compared with cocaine (0.135) or alcohol (0.144). Ego-inflation, by contrast, was specifically associated with cocaine experiences. Finally, a binary Support Vector Machine classifier identified experiences occasioned by psychedelic drugs vs. cocaine or alcohol with over 85% accuracy using ratings of ego-dissolution and ego-inflation alone. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate the psychometric structure, internal consistency and construct validity of the EDI. Moreover, we demonstrate the close relationship between ego-dissolution and the psychedelic experience. The EDI will facilitate the study of the neuronal correlates of ego-dissolution, which is relevant for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy and our understanding of psychosis.
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The Ego Dissolution Inventory (EDI) is an eight-item questionnaire scored on a VAS scale from 0 to 100, published by Nour et al. (2016).
“Nour et al. (2016) published the Ego Dissolution Inventory (EDI), an eight-item questionnaire that is scored on a VAS scale from 0 to 100.”
From Assessment of the acute subjective psychedelic experience: A review of patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research on classical psychedelics (2024) · cites this paper as Nour et al., 2016
The EDI aims to assess the subjective feeling of a compromised sense of self, termed ego dissolution, which is regarded as central to the acute psychedelic experience.
“It aims to assess a particular effect of classical psychedelics: the subjective feeling of a compromised sense of “self,” termed ego dissolution, which is regarded as central to the acute psychedelic experience.”
From Assessment of the acute subjective psychedelic experience: A review of patient-reported outcome measures in clinical research on classical psychedelics (2024) · cites this paper as Nour et al., 2016
The ego dissolution inventory recently introduced and validated by Nour et al. (2016) does not make fine-grained discriminations between alterations to different aspects of self-awareness.
“Unfortunately, the ego dissolution inventory recently introduced and validated by Nour et al. (2016), while an important step, does not make such discriminations, so for now we are stuck with theoretical speculation.”
From Self unbound: ego dissolution in psychedelic experience (2017) · cites this paper as Nour et al. 2016
The EDI has been shown to have excellent internal consistency.
“The scale has been shown to have excellent internal consistency (76).”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [76]
The EDI has strong positive correlations with the mystical-type (or "peak") of experience.
“The investigation of convergent validity of the scale has shown strong positive correlations between EDI and the mystical-type (or “peak”) of experience (76).”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [76]
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Uthaug, M. V., Lancelotta, R., van Oorsouw, K., Kuypers, K. P. C., Mason, N., Rak, J., Šuláková, A., Jurok, R., Maryška, M., Kuchař, M., et al. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05236-w · Cited by 197 · see citing works
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Therapeutic Use of LSD in Psychiatry: A Systematic Review of Randomized-Controlled Clinical Trials
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Dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state
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Psychedelic harm reduction and integration: A transtheoretical model for clinical practice
Gorman, I., Nielson, E. M., Molinar, A., Cassidy, K., & Sabbagh, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645246 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Positive expectations predict improved mental-health outcomes linked to psychedelic microdosing
Kaertner, L. S., Steinborn, M. B., Kettner, H., Spriggs, M. J., Roseman, L., Buchborn, T., Balaet, M., Timmermann, C., Erritzoe, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81446-7 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
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“EDI is an 8-item self-report scale that assesses the participant’s experience of ego dissolution (Nour et al. 2016).”
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Psychedelics and psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral approaches as default
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Consciousness in the cradle: on the emergence of infant experience
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Does Psychedelic Therapy Have a Transdiagnostic Action and Prophylactic Potential?
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Self-citationPsychedelics and the science of self-experience
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Self-citationKiraga, M. K., Mason, N. L., Uthaug, M. V., van Oorsouw, K. I. M., Toennes, S. W., Ramaekers, J. G., & Kuypers, K. P. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.721537 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A review on research and evaluation methods for investigating self-transcendence
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Psychological variables implied in the therapeutic effect of ayahuasca: A contextual approach
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“The Ego Dissolution Inventory (EDI; Nour et al., 2016) was used to measure dissolution of ego during the acute effects of ayahuasca.”
MethodOrłowski, P., Ruban, A., Szczypiński, J., Hobot, J., Bielecki, M., & Bola, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221089034 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Shipibo ceremonial use of ayahuasca to promote well-being: An observational study
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Systematic review of psychometric instruments used in research with psychedelics
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“Nour et al. (2016) (EDI), an eight-item questionnaire that is scored on a VAS scale from 0 to 100.”
BackgroundKiraga, M. K., Kuypers, K. P. C., Uthaug, M. V., Ramaekers, J. G., & Mason, N. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.883869 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The Ego Dissolution Inventory (EDI) is an eight-item self-report scale that assesses the participant’s experience of ego dissolution (76).”
BackgroundCalder, A. E., Rausch, B., Liechti, M. E., Holze, F., & Hasler, G. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241278873 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Ego dissolution is the temporary full or partial cessation of the subjective sense of self (Nour et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWeiss, B., Sleep, C., Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2023) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2023.37.2.131 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Psychedelic Microdosing, Mindfulness, and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study
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“…phenomenology (Berkovich-Ohana and Glicksohn 2017; Griffiths et al. 2011; Hanley, Nakamura, and Garland 2018; Liechti, Dolder, and Schmid 2017; Nour et al. 2016; Reavley and Pallant 2009; Russ and Elliott 2017) and neural correlates (Carhart-Harris et al. 2012; Fox et al. 2016; Palhano-Fontes…”
Background
- Authors
- Nour, M. M., Evans, L., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Nour, Matthew M.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-06-14
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 269-269
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4906025
- OpenAlex
- W2439685582
- Cited by
- 470
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 22.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2016-17-005)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Keywords
- ego dissolution, psychedelics, self-consciousness, altered states of consciousness, mystical experience, cocaine, alcohol, drug dosing, subjective intensity, scale validation, support vector machine classification
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