The effect of probiotics on inflammatory biomarkers: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Abstract
Purpose No study has summarized earlier findings on the effect of probiotic supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to systematically review the available placebo-controlled clinical trials about the effect of probiotic supplementation on several inflammatory biomarkers in adults.Methods Relevant papers published up to March 2018 were searched up through PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, using following suitable keywords. Clinical trials that examined the effect of probiotic supplementation on inflammation in adults were included.Results Overall, 42 randomized clinical trials (1138 participants in intervention and 1120 participants in control groups) were included. Combining findings from included studies, we found a significant reduction in serum hs-CRP [standardized mean difference (SMD) - 0.46; 95% CI - 0.73, - 0.19], TNF-a (- 0.21; - 0.34, - 0.08), IL-6 (- 0.37; - 0.51, - 0.24), IL-12 (- 0.47; - 0.67, - 0.27), and IL-4 concentrations (- 0.48; - 0.76, - 0.20) after probiotic supplementation. Pooling effect sizes from 11 studies with 12 effect sizes, a significant increase in IL-10 concentrations was seen (0.21; 0.04, 0.38). We failed to find a significant effect of probiotic supplementation on serum IL-1B (- 0.17; - 0.37, 0.02), IL-8 (- 0.01; - 0.30, 0.28), and IFN-g (- 0.08; - 0.31, 0.15) and IL-17 concentrations (0.06; - 0.34, 0.46).Conclusions Probiotic supplementation significantly reduced serum concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines including, hs-CRP, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-4, but it did not influence IL-1B, IL-8, IFN-g, and IL-17 concentrations. A significant increase in serum concentrations of IL-10, as a anti-inflammatory cytokine was also documented after probiotic supplementation.
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Probiotics significantly decreased IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, hs-CRP, and TNF-α in adults, according to a meta-analysis.
“Furthermore, probiotics significantly decreased IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, hs-CRP, and TNF-α in adults, according to a meta-analysis [54].”
From Effect of Supplementation with Probiotics in Patients with Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
Probiotics communicate with cells inside and outside the GI tract through biochemical signaling mechanisms, leading to improved intestinal barrier function, reduced production of pro-inflammatory markers such as cytokines, and improved immune function.
“Probiotics communicate with cells inside and outside the GI tract through biochemical signaling mechanisms, and this leads to improved intestinal barrier function, reduced production of pro-inflammatory markers such as cytokines [92], and improved immune function [93].”
From The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties (2024) · cites this paper as [92]
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The Potential Impact of Probiotics on Human Health: An Update on Their Health-Promoting Properties
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“Furthermore, probiotics significantly decreased IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, hs-CRP, and TNF-α in adults, according to a meta-analysis [54].”
- Authors
- Milajerdi, A., Mousavi, S. M., Sadeghi, A., Salari-Moghaddam, A., Parohan, M., Larijani, B., & Esmaillzadeh, A.
- Affiliations
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute (IR)
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Larijani, Bagher
- Esmaillzadeh, Ahmad
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Journal of Nutrition
- Published
- 2019-03-11
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 633-649
- ISSN
- 1436-6207 (ISSN-L)
- 1436-6215
- OpenAlex
- W2921121398
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 1.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Aquaculture disease management and microbiota
- Keywords
- probiotics, probiotic supplementation, inflammatory markers, inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein, TNF-α, interleukin-6, IL-12, IL-4, IL-10, IL-1β, interleukin-8, interferon-gamma, IL-17
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Inflammation, Biomarkers, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Dietary Supplements, Probiotics
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