Cited by 293Down syndrome and intellectual disability researchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: common pathways, common goals

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Hartley, Dean, Blumenthal, Thomas, Carrillo, Maria, DiPaolo, Gilbert, Esralew, Lucille, Gardiner, Katheleen, Granholm, Ann-Charlotte, Iqbal, Khalid +13 more·2015·Alzheimer's & Dementia

Abstract

In the United States, estimates indicate there are between 250,000 and 400,000 individuals with Down syndrome (DS), and nearly all will develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology starting in their 30s. With the current lifespan being 55 to 60 years, approximately 70% will develop dementia, and if their life expectancy continues to increase, the number of individuals developing AD will concomitantly increase. Pathogenic and mechanistic links between DS and Alzheimer's prompted the Alzheimer's Association to partner with the Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome and the Global Down Syndrome Foundation at a workshop of AD and DS experts to discuss similarities and differences, challenges, and future directions for this field. The workshop articulated a set of research priorities: (1) target identification and drug development, (2) clinical and pathological staging, (3) cognitive assessment and clinical trials, and (4) partnerships and collaborations with the ultimate goal to deliver effective disease‐modifying treatments.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.10.007

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  • Individuals with Down syndrome (T21) are strongly predisposed to Alzheimer's disease, with nearly all exhibiting AD-related neuropathological features by age ∼40 and highly variable onset of dementia thereafter.

    “Individuals with Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 (chr21, T21), are strongly predisposed to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), due to triplication of the APP gene, with ∼100% penetrance of AD brain pathology by age 40 and variable onset of dementia thereafter.”
  • Hyperactivation of the S6K proteins correlates with increased Tau pathology and dysregulation of the insulin/IGF/mTOR signaling pathway, both in individuals with DS-AD and in idiopathic AD.

    “Hyperactivation of the S6K proteins correlates with increased Tau pathology and dysregulation of the insulin/IGF/mTOR signaling pathway, both in individuals with DS‐AD 55 and in idiopathic AD. 56”

    From Disruption of hippocampal upstream regulators of mTOR and insulin pathways in Down syndrome with Alzheimer's disease neuropathology: Preliminary observations (2026) · cites this paper as [55]

    Section 2 links tau pathology to DYRK1A, not S6K proteins. Section 3 mentions insulin and mTOR among metabolic pathways relevant to DS and AD research, but does not report S6K hyperactivation or the claimed correlation. Searches for S6K and insulin/IGF/mTOR signaling found no passage establishing that relationship. (LLM, conf=0.74)

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Authors
Hartley, D., Blumenthal, T., Carrillo, M., DiPaolo, G., Esralew, L., Gardiner, K., Granholm, A.-C., Iqbal, K., Krams, M., Lemere, C., Lott, I., Mobley, W., Ness, S., Nixon, R., Potter, H., Reeves, R., Sabbagh, M., Silverman, W., Tycko, B., Whitten, M., & Wisniewski, T.
Affiliations
  • Alzheimer's Association (US)
  • University of Colorado Boulder (US)
  • Medical and Scientific Relations Alzheimer's Association Chicago IL USA
  • Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University Medical Center and The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain New York NY USA
  • Trinitas Regional Medical Center (US)
  • University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
  • Medical University of South Carolina (US)
  • Department of Neurochemistry New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities New York NY USA
  • Janssen Research & Development (United States) (US)
  • Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
  • University of California, Irvine (US)
  • University of California San Diego (US)
  • NYU Langone Health (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • Banner Health (US)
  • Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
  • Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
  • Global Down Syndrome Foundation (US)
  • Department of Neurology, Pathology, and Psychiatry New York University, Langone Medical Center New York NY USA
Corresponding author
Hartley, Dean
Venue
Alzheimer's & Dementia
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2014-12-12
Volume
11
Issue
6
Pages
700-709
ISSN
  • 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-5279
OpenAlex
W1991023630
Cited by
290
References
80
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 2
FWCI
17.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute on Aging (R01AG012122, R01AG037942)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS076291)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords
Down syndrome, Alzheimer's disease
MeSH terms
Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Clinical Trials as Topic, Congresses as Topic, Disease Models, Animal, Down Syndrome, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests, Drug Discovery

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