One year after the COVID-19 outbreak in Germany: long-term changes in depression, anxiety, loneliness, distress and life satisfaction
Open accessAbstract
Several studies have linked the COVID-19 pandemic to unfavorable mental health outcomes. However, we know little about long-term changes in mental health due to the pandemic so far. Here, we used longitudinal data from a general population sample of 1388 adults from Germany, who were initially assessed between April and May 2020 (i.e., at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany) and prospectively followed up after 6 (n = 1082) and 12 months (n = 945). Depressive and anxiety symptoms as well as loneliness did not change from baseline to 6-month follow-up. While anxiety symptoms did not change in the long run, depressive symptoms and loneliness increased and life satisfaction decreased from baseline to 12-month follow-up. Moreover, vulnerable groups such as younger individuals or those with a history of mental disorders exhibited an overall higher level of psychopathological symptoms across all assessment waves. Our findings suggest a deterioration in mental health during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, which emphasizes the importance to implement targeted health promotions to prevent a further symptom escalation especially in vulnerable groups.
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The COVID-19 pandemic had an ongoing impact on mental health one year after its onset.
“Studies conducted 1 year on from the onset of the pandemic have shown that its impact on mental health was on-going (Benke et al., 2022; Bourmistova et al., 2022; Fountoulakis et al., 2022)”
From Social connections combat loneliness and promote wellbeing among college students coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic (2025) · cites this paper as Benke et al., 2022
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- Authors
- Benke, C., Autenrieth, L. K., Asselmann, E., & Pané-Farré, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- HMU Health and Medical University (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Benke, Christoph
- Venue
- European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
- Published
- 2022-03-29
- Volume
- 273
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 289-299
- ISSN
- 0003-9373 (ISSN-L)
- 0940-1334
- 1433-8491
- PMC
- PMC8962282
- OpenAlex
- W4220823446
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 13.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, depression, anxiety, loneliness, life satisfaction, psychological distress, vulnerable populations, young adults, history of mental illness, general population, Germany
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Disease Outbreaks, Germany, Humans, Loneliness, Personal Satisfaction, Pandemics
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