Cited by 25Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingThermoregulation and physiological responses

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Carbohydrate supplementation: a critical review of recent innovations

Baur, Daniel A., Saunders, Michael J.·2021·European Journal of Applied Physiology

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Abstract

Purpose To critically examine the research on novel supplements and strategies designed to enhance carbohydrate delivery and/or availability.Methods Narrative review.Results Available data would suggest that there are varying levels of effectiveness based on the supplement/supplementation strategy in question and mechanism of action. Novel carbohydrate supplements including multiple transportable carbohydrate (MTC), modified carbohydrate (MC), and hydrogels (HGEL) have been generally effective at modifying gastric emptying and/or intestinal absorption. Moreover, these effects often correlate with altered fuel utilization patterns and/or glycogen storage. Nevertheless, performance effects differ widely based on supplement and study design. MTC consistently enhances performance, but the magnitude of the effect is yet to be fully elucidated. MC and HGEL seem unlikely to be beneficial when compared to supplementation strategies that align with current sport nutrition recommendations. Combining carbohydrate with other ergogenic substances may, in some cases, result in additive or synergistic effects on metabolism and/or performance; however, data are often lacking and results vary based on the quantity, timing, and inter-individual responses to different treatments. Altering dietary carbohydrate intake likely influences absorption, oxidation, and and/or storage of acutely ingested carbohydrate, but how this affects the ergogenicity of carbohydrate is still mostly unknown.Conclusions In conclusion, novel carbohydrate supplements and strategies alter carbohydrate delivery through various mechanisms. However, more research is needed to determine if/when interventions are ergogenic based on different contexts, populations, and applications.

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Pre-Sleep Low Glycemic Index Modified Starch Does Not Improve Next-Morning Fuel Selection or Running Performance in Male and Female Endurance Athletes
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Saunders MJ, Luden ND (2012) Macronutrient intake during endurance activity to optimize performance. In: Nutrient timing: Metabolic optimization for health, performance, and recovery. Taylor & Francis, pp 119–138
Williams M, Raven PB, Fogt DL, Ivy JL (2003) Effects of recovery beverages on glycogen restoration and endurance exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res 17:12–19
Zuntz N, Loeb W (1894) Über die Bedeutung der verschiedene Nährstoff als Energiequelle der Muskelkraft. Arch Anat Physiol 18:541–543

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Pre- and Post-Surgical Nutrition for Preservation of Muscle Mass, Strength, and Functionality Following Orthopedic Surgery
Hirsch, K. R., Wolfe, R. R., & Ferrando, A. A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051675 · Cited by 184
New Horizons in Carbohydrate Research and Application for Endurance Athletes
Podlogar, T., & Wallis, G. A. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01757-1 · Cited by 109
International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete
Sims, S. T., Kerksick, C. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., Hirsch, K. R., Arent, S. M., Hewlings, S. J., Kleiner, S. M., Bustillo, E., Tartar, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2204066 · Cited by 129
“priate target for sports of longer duration (≥60 min) [210].”
Background
Nutritional approaches to counter performance constraints in high‐level sports competition
Burke, L. M. (2021) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep088188 · Cited by 51
Carbohydrates and Endurance Exercise: A Narrative Review of a Food First Approach
Naderi, A., Gobbi, N., Ali, A., Berjisian, E., Hamidvand, A., Forbes, S. C., Koozehchian, M. S., Karayigit, R., & Saunders, B. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061367 · Cited by 42

See all 25

Authors: Baur, D. A., & Saunders, M. J.
Affiliations: Virginia Military Institute (US)
James Madison University (US)
Corresponding author: Baur, Daniel A.
ORCID: Baur, Daniel A.
Venue: European Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-10-27
Volume: 121
Issue: 1
Pages: 23-66
ISSN: 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
1439-6319
1439-6327
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y
OpenAlex: W3093996995
Cited by: 22
References: 376
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5
FWCI: 0.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Keywords: carbohydrate supplementation, hydrogels, gastric emptying, intestinal absorption, glycogen storage, fuel utilization, exercise performance, ergogenic aids, carbohydrate intake
MeSH terms: Animals, Dietary Carbohydrates, Humans, Nutritive Value, Dietary Supplements, Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

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Carbohydrate supplementation: a critical review of recent innovations

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