Effects of carbohydrate dose and frequency on metabolism, gastrointestinal discomfort, and cross‐country skiing performance
Open accessAbstract
This study investigated carbohydrate ingestion of varied doses and frequencies during a simulated cross‐country skiing time trial. Ten men and three women (age: 30 ± 7 years; : 59.6 ± 5.7 mL/kg/min) completed four, 30‐km classic technique roller skiing time trials on a treadmill. A 1:1 maltodextrin‐fructose carbohydrate solution was provided at high (2.4 g/min; HC) and moderate (1.2 g/min; MC) ingestion rates, each at high (six feeds; HF) and low (two feeds; LF) frequencies. In the LF trials, blood glucose was elevated following carbohydrate ingestion (at 4 and 19 km) but was reduced at 14 and 29 km compared with HF strategies (P ≤ 0.05). Gastrointestinal discomfort was higher in HC‐LF compared with all other trials (P ≤ 0.05). Whole‐body lipid oxidation was lower and carbohydrate oxidation was higher in LF compared with HF trials (P ≤ 0.05). While performance time was not significantly different between trials (140:11 ± 15:31, 140:43 ± 17:40, 139:12 ± 15:32 and 140:33 ± 17:46 min:s in HC‐HF, HC‐LF, MC‐HF, and MC‐LF, respectively; P > 0.05), it was improved with trial order (P < 0.001). There was no effect of order on any other variable (P > 0.05). Altering carbohydrate dose or frequency does not affect cross‐country ski performance. However, low‐frequency carbohydrate ingestion resulted in poorer maintenance of euglycemia, reduced lipid oxidation, and increased gastrointestinal discomfort.
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- Authors
- Stocks, B., Betts, J. A., & McGawley, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Bath (GB)
- Mid Sweden University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- McGawley, K.
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-08-27
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1100-1108
- ISSN
- 0905-7188 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0838
- OpenAlex
- W1915055109
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure (University of Bath) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- The University of Bath Online Publications Store (The University of Bath) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Keywords
- carbohydrate intake, cross-country skiing, roller skiing, time trial performance, normoglycemia, blood glucose, lipid oxidation, carbohydrate oxidation, gastrointestinal discomfort, endurance exercise
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Dietary Carbohydrates, Exercise Test, Physical Exertion, Female, Fructose, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Oxidation-Reduction, Polysaccharides, Skiing, Abdominal Pain, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, Athletic Performance, Young Adult
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