Diurnal variations in arousal: a naturalistic heart rate study in children with ADHD
Open accessAbstract
Previous studies suggest an altered circadian regulation of arousal in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as measured by activity, circadian preference, and sleep-wake patterns. Although heart rate is an important measure to evaluate arousal profiles, to date it is unknown whether 24-h heart rate patterns differentiate between children with and without ADHD. In this study, 24-h heart rate data were collected in 30 non-medicated children with ADHD (aged 6-11) and 30 sex-, class-, and age-matched normal controls in their naturalistic home and school setting, during 5 days. Simultaneously, 24-h activity patterns were registered. Confounding effects of demographic variables (e.g., age, sex, BMI, pubertal stage) and comorbid internalizing and externalizing problems on heart rate levels were additionally assessed. Longitudinal analysis showed that heart rate levels were overall higher in the ADHD group (p < 0.01)--with the largest effects during afternoon and night--in a model controlling for age. Other factors did not significantly contribute to variations in heart rate levels. Compared to controls, children with ADHD showed higher activity levels during daytime (especially early afternoon), but not during nighttime (p < 0.05). Post hoc analyses showed that environmental effects might influence daytime variations. Findings suggest an autonomic imbalance in children with ADHD as compared to controls, with higher heart rate levels in the ADHD group. Nighttime tachycardia in this group could not be explained by nighttime activity levels or comorbid externalizing/internalizing problems. Further research on autonomic functioning in ADHD is recommended because of the major impact of higher resting heart rate on health outcomes.
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In 30 children with ADHD, there is elevated heart rate, most pronounced in the afternoon and the night.
“Imeraj et al. (2011) report that children with ADHD ( N = 30) showed elevated heart rate, most pronounced in the afternoon and the night.”
From A systematic review of circadian function, chronotype and chronotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Imeraj et al. (2011)
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Taylor, J. E., Jalon, I., Chiba, T., Motegi, T., Kawato, M., & Hendler, T. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822421-2.00002-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu İle Otonom Sinir Sisteminin İlişkisi: Bir Güncelleme
Kılınç, K., Çetin, F. H., Uçar, H. N., & Türkoğlu, S. (2022) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.982643 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Melatonin in der Behandlung neuropsychiatrischer Störungsbilder im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Frölich, J., Wiater, A. H., & Lehmkuhl, G. (2019) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-019-0208-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Rahman, M. M. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.09.20.24314084 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Khouzam, N. R., Khouzam, S. R., & Khouzam, R. N. (2023) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Correlation Between Sensory Modulation and Arousal : A Literature Review
작업치료과, 신., & Hong, E. (2015) · Journal of Korean Society of Sensory Integration Therapists · doi:10.18064/jkasi.2015.13.2.075 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wass, S. V. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/190108 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rothenberger, A. (2012) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0302-9
Imeraj, L. (2012) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)
Self-citationKooij, J. J. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82812-7_1
Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity, and Sleep Disorders
Wang, G., Bogan, C., Lenker, K. P., Calhoun, S. L., Luebbert, J. F., & Chervin, R. D. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-75566-5.00014-9
Александровна, Д. Е., Zhukova, E. V., Khairulina, G. М., Mayorova, L. A., & Portnova, G. V. (2024) · Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им И П Павлова · doi:10.31857/s0044467724040026
A KATP channel theory of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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O’Sullivan, R., Bissell, S., Agar, G., Spiller, J., Surtees, A. D. R., Heald, M., Clarkson, E., Khan, A., Oliver, C., Bagshaw, A. P., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25649308
The Architecture of Loneliness: A Unified Neurocognitive and Evolutionary Model of ADHDPreprint
Blake, J. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6822721
Pacheco, M., Diaz, A. A., Margondai, A., & Mouloua, M. (2026) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/10711813261485187
- Authors
- Imeraj, L., Antrop, I., Roeyers, H., Deschepper, E., Bal, S., & Deboutte, D.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Ghent University Hospital (BE)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Imeraj, Lindita
- Venue
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Published
- 2011-05-29
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 381-392
- ISSN
- 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-165X
- OpenAlex
- W2056311170
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vlaamse regering
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, heart rate, circadian rhythm, arousal, autonomic nervous system, children, activity patterns
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Actigraphy
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