Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness: basic science and clinical implications

Schwartz, Jonathan; Roth, Thomas

doi:10.2174/157015908787386050

Cited by 289Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchCircadian rhythm and melatoninNeuroscience of respiration and sleep

Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness: basic science and clinical implications

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Schwartz, Jonathan, Roth, Thomas·2008·Current Neuropharmacology

DOI 10.2174/157015908787386050PMC PMC2701283

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Abstract

Increased attention to the prevalence of excessive sleepiness has led to a clear need to treat this symptom, thus reinforcing the need for a greater understanding of the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness. Although the physiological mechanisms of sleep and wakefulness are highly interrelated, recent research reveals that there are distinct differences in the active brain processing and the specific neurochemical systems involved in the two states. In this review, we will examine the specific neuronal pathways, transmitters, and receptors composing the ascending arousal system that flow from the brainstem through the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex. We will also discuss the mutually inhibitory interaction between the core neuronal components of this arousal system and the sleep-active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, which serves as a brainstem-switch, regulating the stability of the sleep-wake states. In addition, we will review the role of homeostatic and circadian processes in the sleep-wake cycle, including the influence of the suprachiasmatic nucleus on coordination of sleep-wake systems. Finally, we will summarize how the above processes are reflected in disorders of sleep and wakefulness, including insomnia, narcolepsy, disorders associated with fragmented sleep, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, and primary neurological disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.

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Sleep is an emergent set of many physiologic processes under primarily neurobiological regulation that impact many physiologic systems.
“Sleep represents an emergent set of many physiologic processes under primarily neurobiological regulation that impact many physiologic systems.”
From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [4]

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Authors: Schwartz, J., & Roth, T.
Affiliations: Integris Health (US)
INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Schwartz, Jonathan
ORCID: Roth, Thomas
Venue: Current Neuropharmacology
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Published: 2008-12-01
Volume: 6
Issue: 4
Pages: 367-378
ISSN: 1570-159X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2174/157015908787386050
PMC: PMC2701283
OpenAlex: W2095472576
Cited by: 289
References: 131
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 3.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Current Neuropharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Keywords: sleep-wake cycle, arousal system, excessive sleepiness, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, circadian rhythm, sleep homeostasis, insomnia, narcolepsy, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, sleep disorders

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Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness: basic science and clinical implications

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