A review of self-compassion as an active ingredient in the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression in young people
Open accessAbstract
Previous meta-analyses have found higher self-compassion is associated with lower anxiety and depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of self-compassion as an active ingredient in the treatment and prevention of anxiety and depression in youth. This was conducted through (i) a systematic review of the literature and (ii) qualitative consultation with young people and researchers in self-compassion. Fifty studies met our inclusion criteria. Eight studies evaluated self-compassion interventions among youth aged 14-24, and the remaining studies measured the association between self-compassion and anxiety, and/or depression among this age group. Qualitative interviews were conducted with four self-compassion researchers. Interviews were also conducted in two rounds of consultation with 20 young people (M age = 18.85 years, age range 14-24 years). Higher self-compassion was related to lower symptoms of anxiety, r = - 0.49, 95% CI (- 0.57, - 0.42), and depression, r = - 0.50, 95% CI (- 0.53, - 0.47). There was evidence for self-compassion interventions in decreasing anxiety and depression in young people. Consultation with young people indicated they were interested in self-compassion interventions; however, treatment should be available in a range of formats and tailored to address diversity. Self-compassion experts emphasised the importance of decreasing self-criticism as a reason why self-compassion interventions work. The importance of targeting self-criticism is supported by the preferences of young people who said they would be more likely to engage in a treatment reducing self-criticism than increasing self-kindness. Future research is required to add to the emerging evidence for self-compassion interventions decreasing symptoms of anxiety and depression in young people.
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Review evidence shows a significant negative association between self-compassion and depression.
“Review evidence has shown a significant and negative association between self-compassion and a range of mental health symptoms, including depression [44], anxiety [44], and stress [45].”
Review evidence shows a significant negative association between self-compassion and anxiety.
“Review evidence has shown a significant and negative association between self-compassion and a range of mental health symptoms, including depression [44], anxiety [44], and stress [45].”
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“Studies have shown that fostering and maintaining a healthy level of self-compassion from a young age can improve functioning, maturity, wellbeing, and connectedness, as well as stave off depression and anxiety [14,20].”
Single online self-compassion writing intervention reduces anxiety: With the feedback of ChatGPT
Kishimoto, T., Hao, X., Chang, T., & Luo, Z. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100810 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The attenuated effect observed in the current study may be attributed to the single-session, online, self-help nature of the intervention, as suggested by Egan et al. (2022).”
Self-compassion as an antidote to self-stigma and shame in autistic adults
Riebel, M., Bureau, R., Rohmer, O., Clément, C., & Weiner, L. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251316965 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…self-compassion has been strongly associated with numerous health benefits such as higher levels of happiness and well-being, better sleep quality and lower levels of depression, anxiety, stress and self-harm (Cleare et al., 2019; Egan et al., 2022; MacBeth & Gumley, 2012; Zessin et al., 2015).”
Self-Compassion and Social Anxiety: A Scoping Review
Slivjak, E. T., Majid, F. A., Wrigley, J., Russell, S., Zielony, L., & Arch, J. J. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02450-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Importantly, only four studies included in the current review (C ȃ ndea & Szentágotai-Tătar, 2018; Gill et al., 2018; Ste-venson et al., 2019; Teale Sapach & Carleton, 2023) were included in previous reviews on self-compassion or self-compassion interventions (Egan et al., 2022; Han & Kim, 2023).”
Vestin, M., Wallin, L., Naesström, M., Blomqvist, I., Svedin, C. G., Beaumont, E., Jokinen, J., & Dennhag, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1547046 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Depression, anxiety and worry in young Pacific adults in New Zealand during the COVID-19 pandemic
Siegert, R. J., Narayanan, A., Dipnall, J. F., Gossage, L., Wrapson, W., Sumich, A. L., Mérien, F., Berk, M., Paterson, J. E., & Tautolo, E. (2022) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674221115641 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis of selfcompassion in the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression in young people noted ‘clear evidence that higher self-compassion is associated with lower anxiety and depression in young people’ (Egan et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMethodEffects of Insight Dialogue Retreats on Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Psychological Well-Being
Kramer, Z. D., Pellegrini, V., Kramer, G., & Barcaccia, B. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02045-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Validation of the self-compassion scale in a sample of Italian special needs teacher
Ragni, B., Sulla, F., Toto, G. A., & Limone, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1103021 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“According to the literature, selfcompassion has been demonstrated to be a protective factor for the onset and maintenance of mental illnesses (Egan et al., 2021), and psychological resilience results related to lower levels of stress and self-compassion levels (Kemper et al.”
BackgroundDan, V. H., Ponnuchamy, L., Anand, N. K., Bhaskarapillai, B., & Sharma, M. K. (2023) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2270_22 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Jonsson, E., & Dennhag, I. (2023) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.2478/sjcapp-2023-0012 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pang, Y., Li, W., & Song, C. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3403 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Aledeh, S., Sokan‐Adeaga, A. A., Adam, H., Aledeh, M., & Kotera, Y. (2024) · Psychology International · doi:10.3390/psycholint6020037 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-Compassion As A Mediator of The Relationship Between Psychological Inflexibility and Resilience
Büyüköksüz, E., & Tekin, I. (2023) · Spiritual Psychology and Counseling · doi:10.37898/spiritualpc.1276031 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“SC may be a powerful alternative to rigid standards, which is a common characteristic of anxiety and depression (Egan et al., 2022).”
BackgroundClarke, B. J., & Hartley, M. T. (2024) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2024.2331931 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chong, Y. Y., Kwan, J. Y. M., Yau, P. T., Cheng, H. Y., & Chien, W. T. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11202708 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Review evidence has shown a significant and negative association between self-compassion and a range of mental health symptoms, including depression [44], anxiety [44], and stress [45].”
Backgroundde Krijger, E., ten Klooster, P. T., Geuze, E., Kelders, S. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70006 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Braun, T. D., Bhuptani, P. H., O’Keefe, B., Abrantes, A. M., Marsh, E. L., & Holzhauer, C. G. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2301205 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Growing research shows that MSC and other compassion-related interventions improve PTSD (Au et al., 2017; Serpa et al., 2021) and depressive symptoms (Egan et al., 2022; Ferrari et al., 2019), as well as shame (Valdez & Lilly, 2016; Winders et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWakabayashi, H., Mori, T., Nishioka, S., Maeda, K., Yoshimura, Y., Iida, Y., Shiraishi, A., & Fujiwara, D. (2023) · Journal of General and Family Medicine · doi:10.1002/jgf2.668 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effects of Cognitively Based Compassion Training in the outskirts: A mixed study
Kolchraiber, F. C., Tanaka, L. H., Negi, L. T., Atanes, A. C., & de Souza, K. M. J. (2022) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.5691.3531 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This type of mind training expands behavioral domains, develops altruistic skills, and changes neural responses to suffering, which provides diverse evidence of neuroplasticity in the circuit underlying compassion and altruism(24-27).”
BackgroundEtxaburu, N., Herrero, M., & Estévez, A. (2024) · Behavioral Psychology-psicologia Conductual · doi:10.51668/bp.8324203n · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…and depression (Zheng et al., 2020) and anxiety (Schimmenti & Bifulco, 2015), between emotional dependence and anxious-depressive symptomatology (Urbiola et al., 2017), and between self-compassion and anxious-depressive symptomatology (Egan et al., 2022) and attachment (Brophy et al., 2020).”
Howell, A. N., Woods, S. J., Farmer, W., Zibulsky, D. A., Srivastav, A., Randolph, G. A. T., & Weeks, J. W. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.140 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Loades, M. E., Perry, G., & Marshall, N. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/72077 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…being a desired focus, the evidence indicates that this activity was well received by American adolescents and addressing self-hate and self-criticism may help to alleviate psychological distress as these are known risk factors for the onset and persistence of various emotional problems [27,28].”
Kato, T. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119840 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Duffy, A. C., King, N., Rivera, D., Pankow, K., Cunningham, S., Tetzlaff, E., Kyone, K., Dephoure, E., Lyon, A. G., Robinson, L. J., et al. (2026) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10960 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Beltes, C., Giannou, K., & Mantzios, M. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36920 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ferreira, A., Caetano, A. S., Xavier, S., Marques, M., Martins, J., Queirós, A., & Martins, M. J. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07270-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A House with Many Doors – Toward a More Nuanced Self-Compassion Intervention Science
Finlay‐jones, A. L. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_24 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Raya, J., Morfini, F., Urban, Z., Pagliaccio, D., Yendiki, A., Auerbach, R. P., Bauer, C. C. C., & Whitfield, S. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.08.22.504796 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“These findings indicate that DMN-targeted real-time neurofeedback is a feasible approach to boost mindfulness acquisition and may help youth seeking to reap the benefits associated with mindfulness-based interventions overcome challenges that impede learning, such as training length (73) and existing or emerging menta…”
Ma, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Luk, B. H.-K., Song, G., & Ma, H. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2509268 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous reviews, such interventions have been shown to positively impact the management of depression (Egan et al., 2022; Ferrari et al., 2019).”
Borgdorf, K. S. A., Aguilar‐Raab, C., & Holt, D. V. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100870 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Because perfectionistic concerns and self-criticism are arguably conceptual op-posites of self-compassion, effects should be comparatively strong and specific (cf. Egan et al., 2022; Shafran et al., 2023; Shu et al., 2019).”
Schöne‐Hoffmann, R., Schäfer, S. K., David, C., Reis, D., Benick, M., & Perels, F. (2025) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.70054 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Similarly, a recent systematic review found that self ‐ compassion interventions are effective in alleviating anxiety and depression in adolescents (Egan et al. 2022).”
Self-Compassion in Adolescence
Bluth, K., & Clepper-Faith, M. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Psychometric analysis of the GAD-7 questionnaire in Slovak helping professionals
Krizova, K., Halamová, J., Strnádelová, B., & Baránková, M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100803 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Joy, P. R., Aston, M. L., Thomas, A., Hammond, C., & Hammond, B. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241248002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Western scholars like Neff (2011) teach the practices of self-compassion and promote the transformative power of such practices while several meta-analyses have examined the relationship between self-compassion, depression, anxiety, and psychotherapy (Egan et al., 2022; Marsh et al., 2018).”
Vestin, M., Jokinen, J., Blomqvist, I., & Dennhag, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1548320 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Vincenzo, F. D., Bernini, D., Contardi, A., Bungaro, N., Currado, D., Navarini, L., Marino, A., Alessio, C., & Iani, L. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251400827 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Self-compassion is strictly associated with emotion regulation (Finlay-jones, 2017; Inwood and Ferrari, 2018; McBride et al., 2022), and contributes to lower levels of anxious and depressive symptoms in both clinical and non-clinical samples (Athanasakou et al., 2020; Egan et al., 2022).”
Wallin, L., Svedin, C. G., Wiberg, M., & Dennhag, I. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1653979 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chukwuorji, J. C., Odi, C. P., Chike-Okoli, A., Morah, N. M., Osondu, O. M., Rukmi, D. K., Victor-Aigbodion, V., & Eze, J. E. (2024) · Venereology · doi:10.3390/venereology3030011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“We noted the observed need for improvement in the multidimensionality, multiple populations, and cultural relevance of existing self-compassion measures [57], yet the Self-Compassion Scale remains the most widely accepted measure of self-compassion among researchers [58].”
Faruk Caner, Y. A. M., Köksal, B., & YILDIRIM, O. (2024) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-024-00564-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Interventions aimed at increasing self-compassion in university students experiencing anxiety have been shown to play a significant role in reducing their anxiety symptoms (Arimitsu, 2016; Egan et al., 2022) and decreasing experiential avoidance behaviors (Yela et al., 2022).”
Silhan, M., & Garnefski, N. (2022) · Advances in Health and Behavior · doi:10.25082/ahb.2022.01.004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Egan et al. (2021) comment that while there often is a general interest in self-compassion interventions, the application of these interventions needs to be available in many forms to address the considerable diversity between individuals.”
BackgroundResultSoltani Delgosha, M., Vaziri, S., Shahabizadeh, F., Ahi, Q., & Mansouri, A. (2023) · Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care · doi:10.32592/ajnmc.31.2.85 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Can Self-Compassion Improve Adolescents Psychological Well-being?
Fauziah, L. H., & Rofiqoh, M. I. (2023) · Jurnal Psikologi Teori dan Terapan · doi:10.26740/jptt.v14n2.p226-236 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Breen, L. J., Greene, D., Rees, C. S., Black, A., Cawthorne, M., & Egan, S. J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gy9wv · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Compassionate Brain Theory of AutismPreprint
Galvin, J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qd4pk · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Monteiro, B., Galhardo, A., Senra, H., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Cunha, M. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3440 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sarafraz, M., Zamanian, Z., & Shekoohi, M. (2022) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.61186/ijpb.16.2.287 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Omoregie, J., & Amanze, R. U. (2025) · JORMA International Journal of Health and Social Sciences · doi:10.64074/jorma000 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chopra, E., Behera, P., & Sahni, P. (2025) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-025-00419-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Among adolescents particularly, it has been found to reduce their psychological distress [68], negative affect [60], suicide ideations [19], depression [10], symptoms of anxiety [26] and self-objectification [96].”
Oh, D., Na, H., & Jung, Y. (2025) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2025.0073 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Depression was assessed using the Korean version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) 31,32 comprising nine items for evaluating depressive symptoms.”
PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SELF-COMPASSION SCALE FOR ADOLESCENTS
Koko, A. K. P., Setiawati, F. A., & Saifuddiin, M. R. (2025) · Counsenesia Indonesian Journal Of Guidance and Counseling · doi:10.36728/cijgc.v6i2.5043 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Egan et al. highlighted that self-compassion significantly contributes to reducing anxiety and depression symptoms, thus supporting its utilization in psychological interventions aimed at adolescents (Egan et al., 2022).”
Liu, X., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08999-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“After controlling for gender, self-compassion and both academic burnout (Pereira et al., 2022; Ponkosonsirilert et al., 2022) and depression (Egan et al., 2022; Muris et al., 2024 ).”
Influentialla Rosa-Gómez, A. D., Valencia, P. D., Díaz-Sosa, D. M., Flores-Plata, L. A., Flores, R. G., Torija, C. S. T., Portillo, A. M., Leal, A. M., Elvira, A. I. F., Esquivel-Santoveña, E. E., et al. (2026) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2026.108229 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Baltacı, U. B., Avşaroğlu, S., Ayhan, B., & Teke, E. (2026) · Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17240/aibuefd.2026..-1676598 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lathren, C. R., DiMaio, S., Nip, H., Tatera, J. L., Diaz, V., Bluth, K., Herringa, R., & Heyn, S. A. (2026) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.70241 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Efeitos do Treinamento Cognitivo de Compaixão na quebrada: estudo misto
Kolchraiber, F. C., Tanaka, L. H., Negi, L. T., Atanes, A. C., & de Souza, K. M. J. (2022) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.5691.3575 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Esse tipo de treinamento da mente amplia os domínios comportamentais, desenvolve habilidades altruístas e muda respostas neurais ao sofrimento, o que fornece evidências da neuroplasticidade no circuito subjacente à compaixão e altruísmo(24-27).”
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Welas Asih Diri dan Gejala Gangguan Makan: Infleksibilitas Psikologis sebagai Mediator
A'anisah, R., & Bintari, D. R. (2023) · Psyche 165 Journal · doi:10.35134/jpsy165.v16i4.287 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Akibatnya, mereka akan cenderung lebih sulit dalam menerima dan menghadapi pengalaman negatifnya [35], [38].”
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“Recent studies focus on a deeper understanding of the impact of pre-procedural anxiety on patient experiences and post operative health outcomes (Egan et al., 2022).”
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Conceptions of Other and Self-Directed Compassion In Relation To Anxiety
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The Influence of User-Generated Eudaimonic YouTube Videos on Well-Being
Kang, S., Villarreal, B., & Morales, S. (2023) · International Journal of Social Media and Online Communities · doi:10.4018/ijsmoc.323859
النهوض الأكاديمي وعلاقته بالشفقة بالذات والرجاء كمتغير معدل لدى طلاب السنة الأولى الجامعية
المغني, أ. ع. ا. ع. (2023) · مجلة کلیة التربیة فى العلوم النفسیة · doi:10.21608/jfeps.2023.324751
- Authors
- Egan, S. J., Rees, C. S., Delalande, J., Greene, D., Fitzallen, G., Brown, S., Webb, M., & Finlay-Jones, A.
- Affiliations
- Curtin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Egan, Sarah J.
- Venue
- Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research
- Published
- 2021-09-24
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 385-403
- ISSN
- 0894-587X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3289
- PMC
- PMC9005396
- OpenAlex
- W3201325896
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26
- FWCI
- 2.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- self-compassion, anxiety, depression, youth, self-compassion interventions, prevention, self-criticism, self-kindness, treatment engagement
- MeSH terms
- Self-Compassion, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Humans, Self-Assessment, Young Adult
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