Predicting dream recall: EEG activation during NREM sleep or shared mechanisms with wakefulness?
Abstract
The common knowledge of a uniqueness of REM sleep as a privileged scenario of dreaming still persists, although consolidated empirical evidence shows that the assumption that dreaming is just an epiphenomenon of REM sleep is no longer tenable. However, the brain mechanisms underlying dream generation and its encoding in memory during NREM sleep are still mostly unknown. In fact, only few studies have investigated on the mechanisms of dream phenomenology related to NREM sleep. For this reason, our study is specifically aimed to elucidate the electrophysiological (EEG) correlates of dream recall (DR) upon NREM sleep awakenings. Under the assumption that EEG activity predicts the presence/absence of DR also during NREM sleep, we have investigated whether DR from stage 2 NREM sleep shares similar brain mechanisms to those involved in the encoding of episodic memory during wakefulness, or it depends on the specific electrophysiological milieu of the sleep period along the desynchronized/synchronized EEG continuum. We collected DR from a multiple nap protocol in a within-subjects design. We found that DR is predicted by an extensive reduction of delta activity during the last segment of sleep, encompassing left frontal and temporo-parietal areas. The results could represent an update on the mechanisms underlying the sleep mentation during NREM sleep. In particular, they support the hypothesis that an increased cortical EEG activation is a prerequisite for DR, and they are not necessarily in conflict with the hypothesis of common wake-sleep mechanisms. We also confirmed that EEG correlates of DR depend on a state-like relationship.
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EEG activation could facilitate the consolidation and storage of the mental sleep contents during sleep.
“Therefore, it has been suggested that EEG activation could facilitate the consolidation and storage of the mental sleep contents during sleep.35”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
This elderly finding is in contrast with the findings of younger adults, where a successful dream recall was found consequently to a reduction in the delta and sigma activity.
“This is in contrast with the findings of younger adults, where a successful dream recall was found consequently to a reduction in the delta and sigma activity.28,30,31,35,102”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
Brain maturational markers such as alpha and theta rhythms have been found to be involved both in dream recall and episodic-declarative memory.
“brain maturational markers such as alpha and theta rhythms94 have been found to be involved both in dream recall21,27,28,30–32,35 and episodic-declarative memory61,94,97”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
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Gorgoni, M., Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., Annarumma, L., Pellegrini, E., Fasiello, E., Cordone, S., D’Atri, A., Salfi, F., Amicucci, G., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19073857 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Stucky, B. (2025) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s506461 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Midline EEG Functional Connectivity As Biomarker for Conscious States in Sleep and Wakefulness
S., A. A., & Ramakrishnan, A. G. (2021) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630907 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Diagnosis and management of nonrapid eye movement-parasomnias
Drakatos, P., & Leschziner, G. D. (2019) · Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/mcp.0000000000000619 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Boosting sleep slow waves suppresses dreamingPreprint
Juan, E., Arslan, C., Regnath, F., & Talamini, L. M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.10.532054 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Electrophysiological pattern of dream experience
Scarpelli, S., & Gennaro, L. D. (2017) · Journal of Public Health and Emergency · doi:10.21037/jphe.2017.07.03 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Brain structural basis of individual variability in dream recall frequency
Zhou, S., Xu, J., Su, Z., Li, Y., Shao, Y., Sun, H., Zhu, H., Zou, Q., & Gao, J. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-9964-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Longitudinal Findings on the Oneiric Activity Changes Across the Pandemic
Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., Camaioni, M., Gorgoni, M., Albano, A., Musetti, A., Quattropani, M. C. A., Plazzi, G., Gennaro, L. D., & Franceschini, C. (2023) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s410732 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dreaming for two: A systematic review of mental sleep activity during pregnancy
Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., Gennaro, L. D., & Gorgoni, M. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105763 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Spinoni, M., Scarpelli, S., Benedetti, I. D. P., Med, C., Ciolli, P., Rech, F., Gennaro, L. D., & Grano, C. (2024) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14423 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Parasomnias and Disruptive Sleep-Related Disorders: Insights from Local Sleep Findings
Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., & Gorgoni, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11154435 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kumar, G., Naaz, S., Jabin, N., Sasidharan, A., Nagendra, R. P., Yadav, R., & Kutty, B. M. (2025) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2025.103869 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dreams and Nightmares in Early Pregnancy: A Comparative Study with a Control Group
Scarpelli, S., Spinoni, M., Gorgoni, M., Lasaponara, S., Ciolli, P., Rech, F., Muzio, M. D., Med, C., Benedetti, I. D. P., Grano, C., et al. (2025) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s520737 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Moctezuma, L. A., Molinas, M., & Abe, T. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf066 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cipolli, C., & Gennaro, L. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54359-4_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sleep: Dreaming Data and Theories
Valli, K., & Revonsuo, A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.23628-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Morning naps architecture and mentation recall complexity
Sebastiani, L., Barcaro, U., Paradisi, P., Frumento, P., & Faraguna, U. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13915 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Exploring the role of dreams: insights from recent studies
Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., & Gennaro, L. D. (2024) · Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1097/mcp.0000000000001112 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., & Gennaro, L. D. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.21 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Content and frequency of dream reports : psychological and neurophysiological correlates
Vallat, R. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7c390b38z9260z414bzbabdz2b316eacbb17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
L'attività elettrica cerebrale (EEG) predice la presenza del ricordo dei sogni?
Bartolacci, C., Scarpelli, S., & Gennaro, L. D. (2017) · RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA · doi:10.3280/rsf2017-002005
Dream Activity Analysis in Low-number Electrode EEG: A Methodology Proposal
Piorecký, M., Miletínová, E., Schaabová, H., Sebek, J., & Bušková, J. (2019) · E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB) · doi:10.1109/ehb47216.2019.8969949
Pellegrini, E., Scarpelli, S., Alfonsi, V., Gorgoni, M., Pazzaglia, M., & Gennaro, L. D. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106012
The distinctive characteristics of REM sleep and dreams in narcolepsy
Scarpelli, S., & Gennaro, L. D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30004-2.00020-1
The borderland between wakefulness and sleep, a doorway into creativity
Lacaux, C. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a9f3460dz3d02z42aczad97zf8c513812801 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Insights into the sleeping mind: Neural correlates of dreaming
Camaioni, M., Gennaro, L. D., & Scarpelli, S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29258-3.00035-5
- Authors
- Scarpelli, S., D’Atri, A., Mangiaruga, A., Marzano, C., Gorgoni, M., Schiappa, C., Ferrara, M., & De Gennaro, L.
- Affiliations
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Venue
- Brain Topography
- Published
- 2017-04-22
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 629-638
- ISSN
- 0896-0267 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6792
- OpenAlex
- W2606081269
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 4.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Topography (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi dell Aquila (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Progetti di Ricerca di Ateneo 2014 (C26A143ZEP)
- Progetti di Ricerca di Ateneo 2015 (C26A158K25)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- dream recall, NREM sleep, REM sleep, delta oscillations, episodic memory encoding, stage 2 sleep
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Dreams, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Recall, Sleep, Wakefulness, Young Adult, Memory, Episodic
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