The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression on social support: a meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Social support is an important extra-therapeutic context of depression treatment, yet no overall estimate is available on how depression treatment affects social support or the size of such an effect. We conducted a meta-analysis of clinical trials of psychotherapy for depression that reported results for social support at post-treatment. A total of 1,579 adults with depression from 11 trials comparing psychotherapy to care-as-usual or waiting list were included. The majority of these studies assessed the participants' perceptions of social support. Specifically, three studies targeted women with postpartum depression, and four studies targeted individuals with chronic disease. In all these studies, psychotherapy had a small to moderate, yet consistent effect on social support compared to care-as-usual or waiting list at post-treatment (g = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.29~0.48) and at 3-6 month follow-up (g= 0.38; 95% CI: 0.14~0.63). Little evidence of heterogeneity was found across studies, and the results were consistent in several sensitivity analyses. No significant publication bias was detected (Egger's test p > 0.1). The result of meta-regression showed that improvement in depression symptoms was associated with improvement in social support, but this was not statistically significant.
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The question of withdrawal may be related to increases in prolonged prescription in some countries.
“The question of withdrawal may be related to increases in prolonged prescription in some countries. 530,531”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [531]
Meta-analyses have found social interaction, mindfulness or experiential acceptance, increased self-efficacy, immersion in green spaces, neurobiological mechanisms, and acute positive affect to be associated with decreases in depressive symptoms.
“Meta-analyses have found each of these factors to be associated with decreases in depressive symptoms, but no single treatment covers all mechanisms.”
From Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2024) · cites this paper as [61]
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Weijers, A., Rasing, S. P. A., Creemers, D. H. M., Vermulst, A. A., Schellekens, A., & Westerhof, G. J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.048 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Science of Human Flourishing
VanderWeele, T. J. (2021) · doi:10.1093/med/9780197524480.003.0013 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tramonti, F., Saviozzi, V., Ferrante, B., Saliani, S., Galeazzi, E., Vatteroni, S., Genovesi, I., Vecchio, I. D., & Možina, M. (2024) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.14039 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chang, M. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1484887 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Community psychological perspective of psychotherapy: A contradiction?
Roehrle, B., & Strouse, J. (2019) · Community psychology in global perspective · doi:10.1285/i24212113v5i1p7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Park, G., Jung, H., Kim, I., & Lee, D. (2025) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-025-10270-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Social support espe - cially from family has been shown to have a significant effect in reducing suicidal ideation (Brausch & Decker, 2014 ; Park et al., 2014 ; Wang et al., 2013 ).”
Virtual reality-related exercise for people with chronic kidney disease undergoing haemodialysis
Nishiwaki, H., Levack, W., Hasegawa, T., Noma, H., Ota, E., Suzuki, T., Watanabe, Y., Tashiro, N., Han, Y., Li, D., et al. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd016138 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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“Another trial reported no significant improvement in social support following IPT in a general depressed population without chronic illness (32), possibly due to the absence of disease-specific interpersonal stressors or differences in delivery (e.g., group-based IPT).”
Hao, R., Zuo, J., Jin, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., Zhu, Y., Wang, Y., Qi, Y., Qi, J., Xia, J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1043339 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“, 2021), and it is more beneficial to an individual’s mental health than objective support (Park et al., 2014; Wahab et al., 2021).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Relationship Separation on Suicidality and Mental Health
Kazan, D. (2018) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d67b7babc65d · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jonathan, G., Sung, J. Y., Arcese, H. T., Holz, P., Bentley, K. H., Bernstein, E. E., Weingarden, H. M., Greenberg, J. L., Harrison, O., & Wilhelm, S. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.84030
Social well-being moderates behavioral therapy response for generalized anxiety disorder
Armstrong, J., Baughman, N. R., Wilhelm, R. A., El-Shafie, D., Berg, H. E., Yeh, H., Akeman, E., Martell, C. R., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Craske, M. G., et al. (2025) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2025.100160
“These improvements were modest, however, with effect sizes ranging from small to moderate; consistent with effect sizes observed in other studies analyzing the effect of psychotherapy on social well-being [71,72].”
Cognitive-Behavioral RESPPECTUS Principles for Black Americans
Gregory, V. L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01666-9_4
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions: Integrating RESPPECTUS Principles
Gregory, V. L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01666-9_6
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Voldstad, A., Solbakken, O. A., Montero‐Marín, J., Monsen, J. T., & Heinonen, E. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70220
- Authors
- Park, M., Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., & Reynolds, C. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Mijung
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2014-08-02
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 600-611
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC4465276
- OpenAlex
- W1965937815
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 0.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Multilingual Matters (Channel View Publications) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005)
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG024827)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P30MH090333)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024153)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (P60MD000207)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- psychotherapy, adult depression, social support, postpartum depression, chronic disease, waitlist control, usual care, treatment effects, follow-up outcomes
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