Cited by 47Gut microbiota and healthAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchTryptophan and brain disorders

Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Neuroinflammatory Mediated Mechanism of Pathogenesis?

Open access
Zarimeidani, Fatemeh, Rahmati, Rahem, Mostafavi, Mehrnaz, Darvishi, Mohammad, Khodadadi, Sanaz, Mohammadi, Mahya, Shamlou, Farid, Bakhtiyari, Salar +1 more·2024·Inflammation

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social communication and behavior, frequently accompanied by restricted and repetitive patterns of interests or activities. The gut microbiota has been implicated in the etiology of ASD due to its impact on the bidirectional communication pathway known as the gut-brain axis. However, the precise involvement of the gut microbiota in the causation of ASD is unclear. This study critically examines recent evidence to rationalize a probable mechanism in which gut microbiota symbiosis can induce neuroinflammation through intermediator cytokines and metabolites. To develop ASD, loss of the integrity of the intestinal barrier, activation of microglia, and dysregulation of neurotransmitters are caused by neural inflammatory factors. It has emphasized the potential role of neuroinflammatory intermediates linked to gut microbiota alterations in individuals with ASD. Specifically, cytokines like brain-derived neurotrophic factor, calprotectin, eotaxin, and some metabolites and microRNAs have been considered etiological biomarkers. We have also overviewed how probiotic trials may be used as a therapeutic strategy in ASD to reestablish a healthy balance in the gut microbiota. Evidence indicates neuroinflammation induced by dysregulated gut microbiota in ASD, yet there is little clarity based on analysis of the circulating immune profile. It deems the repair of microbiota load would lower inflammatory chaos in the GI tract, correct neuroinflammatory mediators, and modulate the neurotransmitters to attenuate autism. The interaction between the gut and the brain, along with alterations in microbiota and neuroinflammatory biomarkers, serves as a foundational background for understanding the etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Graphical Abstract

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s10753-024-02061-y

Cites

174 of 174 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. [13]Carloni, S., and M. Rescigno. 2023. The gut-brain vascular axis in neuroinflammation. In Seminars in Immunology, 101802. Elsevier. 37422929
  2. [37]Shaker, N.M., G. Taha, H. Kholeif, N.M. Sayed, M.M. El-Sheikh, and M.L. Abulmagd. 2016. Serum levels of S100b, interleukin-6 and anti-transglutaminase Ii IgA as immune markers in a sample of Egyptian children with autistic spectrum disorders. Autism Open Access. 6 (5): 1–7.
  3. [44]Lu, B. 2003. BDNF and activity-dependent synaptic modulation. Learning & memory. 10 (2): 86–98. 12663747 PMC5479144
  4. [71]Ge, Y., X. Wang, Y. Guo, J. Yan, A. Abuduwaili, K. Aximujiang, et al. 2021. Gut microbiota influence tumor development and Alter interactions with the human immune system. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 40 (1): 1–9. 33494784 PMC7829621
  5. [80]Wei, L., L. Fei, X. Ning, T. Haiming, G. Lixin, and M. Xianqin. 2017. Antiallergic effects of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on allergic rhinitis induced by ovalbumin in rats. Biomedical Research 28 (1): 111–117.
  6. [94]Di Salvo, E., M. Casciaro, S. Quartuccio, L. Genovese, and S. Gangemi. 2018. Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression? Biomolecules 2018 12 20th ed 9 (1): 2. PMC6358895 30577568
  7. [96]Fang, P., M. Schachner, and Y.Q. Shen. 2012. HMGB1 in development and diseases of the central nervous system. Molecular Neurobiology 2012 05 13th ed 45 (3): 499–506. 22580958
  8. [97]Xue, J., J.S. Suarez, M. Minaai, S. Li, G. Gaudino, H.I. Pass, et al. 2021. HMGB1 as a therapeutic target in disease. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2020 10 26th ed 236 (5): 3406–19. PMC8104204 33107103
  9. [98]Dipasquale, V., M.C. Cutrupi, L. Colavita, S. Manti, C. Cuppari, and C. Salpietro. 2017. Neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorders: role of high mobility group box 1 protein. International Journal of Molecular and Cellular Medicine 2017 09 26th ed 6 (3): 148–55. PMC5898638 29682486
  10. [107]Saresella, M., I. Marventano, F.R. Guerini, R. Mancuso, L. Ceresa, M. Zanzottera, et al. 2009. An autistic endophenotype results in complex immune dysfunction in healthy siblings of autistic children. Biological Psychiatry 2009 08 22nd ed 66 (10): 978–84. 19699471

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Zarimeidani, F., Rahmati, R., Mostafavi, M., Darvishi, M., Khodadadi, S., Mohammadi, M., Shamlou, F., Bakhtiyari, S., & Alipourfard, I.
Affiliations
  • Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Aja University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Islamic Azad University, Tehran (IR)
  • Shahid Beheshti University (IR)
  • Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Northwestern University (US)
  • Institute of Physical Chemistry (PL)
Corresponding author
Alipourfard, Iraj
Venue
Inflammation
Published
2024-08-02
Volume
48
Issue
2
Pages
501-519
ISSN
  • 0360-3997 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2576
OpenAlex
W4401253591
Cited by
47
References
174
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 2
FWCI
1.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Inflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, neuroinflammation, gut-brain axis, intestinal barrier integrity, microglial activation, neurotransmitter dysregulation, cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, calprotectin, eotaxin, microRNA, probiotics, ASD pathogenesis, biomarkers
MeSH terms
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Brain-Gut Axis, Neuroinflammatory Diseases, Animals, Brain, Humans, Probiotics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review