Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Neuroinflammatory Mediated Mechanism of Pathogenesis?
Open accessAbstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social communication and behavior, frequently accompanied by restricted and repetitive patterns of interests or activities. The gut microbiota has been implicated in the etiology of ASD due to its impact on the bidirectional communication pathway known as the gut-brain axis. However, the precise involvement of the gut microbiota in the causation of ASD is unclear. This study critically examines recent evidence to rationalize a probable mechanism in which gut microbiota symbiosis can induce neuroinflammation through intermediator cytokines and metabolites. To develop ASD, loss of the integrity of the intestinal barrier, activation of microglia, and dysregulation of neurotransmitters are caused by neural inflammatory factors. It has emphasized the potential role of neuroinflammatory intermediates linked to gut microbiota alterations in individuals with ASD. Specifically, cytokines like brain-derived neurotrophic factor, calprotectin, eotaxin, and some metabolites and microRNAs have been considered etiological biomarkers. We have also overviewed how probiotic trials may be used as a therapeutic strategy in ASD to reestablish a healthy balance in the gut microbiota. Evidence indicates neuroinflammation induced by dysregulated gut microbiota in ASD, yet there is little clarity based on analysis of the circulating immune profile. It deems the repair of microbiota load would lower inflammatory chaos in the GI tract, correct neuroinflammatory mediators, and modulate the neurotransmitters to attenuate autism. The interaction between the gut and the brain, along with alterations in microbiota and neuroinflammatory biomarkers, serves as a foundational background for understanding the etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Graphical Abstract
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Levels of S100B are significantly elevated in individuals with autism.
“Studies have shown that levels of this protein are significantly elevated in individuals with autism.”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [95]
In vivo study in mice showed that the biodiversity of the gut microbiota increases with S100B levels.
“In addition, an in vivo study in mice showed that the biodiversity of the gut microbiota increases with S100B levels.”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [95]
Firmicutes, which includes Lactobacillus, and Bacteroidetes, which includes Barnesiella and Butyricimonas spp., influence S100B values.
“Firmicutes, which includes Lactobacillus, and Bacteroidetes, which includes Barnesiella and Butyricimonas spp., influence S100B values [95].”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [95]
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- Authors
- Zarimeidani, F., Rahmati, R., Mostafavi, M., Darvishi, M., Khodadadi, S., Mohammadi, M., Shamlou, F., Bakhtiyari, S., & Alipourfard, I.
- Affiliations
- Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Aja University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Islamic Azad University, Tehran (IR)
- Shahid Beheshti University (IR)
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Alipourfard, Iraj
- ORCID
- Venue
- Inflammation
- Published
- 2024-08-02
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 501-519
- ISSN
- 0360-3997 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2576
- PMC
- PMC12053372
- OpenAlex
- W4401253591
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 174
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 1.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Inflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, neuroinflammation, gut-brain axis, intestinal barrier integrity, microglial activation, neurotransmitter dysregulation, cytokines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, calprotectin, eotaxin, microRNA, probiotics, ASD pathogenesis, biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Brain-Gut Axis, Neuroinflammatory Diseases, Animals, Brain, Humans, Probiotics
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