Clinical correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Open accessAbstract
Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder frequently experience social communication difficulties, executive functioning deficits, and anxiety and depressive symptoms, which are similar to the symptoms and correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo. Although sluggish cognitive tempo is related to, but distinct from, the inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder that commonly co-occur with autism spectrum disorder, few studies have examined sluggish cognitive tempo in autism spectrum disorder. We examined whether sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were differentially associated with autism symptomatology, daily life executive functioning, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in 51 adolescents (ages 13–18 years) with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability. Regression analyses controlling for age and IQ showed that sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms, but not attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, were associated with increased autism symptomatology and internalizing symptoms. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, but not sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms, were associated with increased externalizing behaviors and behavior regulation deficits. Both sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were independently associated with increased metacognitive deficits. This study provides preliminary evidence that sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms are elevated in autism spectrum disorder and associated with key clinical correlates, with implications for the assessment and treatment in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.
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In college students and adults, SCT is uniquely related to global sleep problems, shorter sleep duration, and increased daytime sleepiness.
“In college students and adults, SCT is uniquely related to global sleep problems, shorter sleep duration, and increased daytime sleepiness.18,122–124”
From Report of a Work Group on Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: Key Research Directions and a Consensus Change in Terminology to Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (2023) · cites this paper as [123]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says sleep problems have been shown to be correlates of SCT, but this study had no sleep-problem data. It does not establish a unique association in college students or adults, or address shorter sleep duration and increased daytime sleepiness. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured13-16% of children with high CDS symptoms also meet criteria for an autism diagnosis, while 30-49% of children with autism present with elevated CDS symptoms.
“Studies indicate that 13-16% of children with high CDS symptoms also meet the criteria for an autism diagnosis, while 30-49% of children with autism present with elevated CDS symptoms [62-65].”
From Emotional Dysregulation and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Exploring Their Relationship Through the Lens of Twin Studies (2025) · cites this paper as [65]
The Results (Prevalence of Elevated SCT and ADHD Symptoms in Adolescents with ASD) report elevated SCT symptoms in 37.3% of adolescents with ASD without intellectual disability, within the claimed 30–49% range but for a narrower population. The Introduction reports that 28.3% of children with elevated SCT had a parent-reported ASD diagnosis, not the claimed 13–16% meeting diagnostic criteria. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Miller, M. C., Jean-Francois, E., Hembree, K. E., Peugh, J., Epstein, J. N., Tamm, L., & Becker, S. P. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-026-01436-z
Self-citationChapdelaine, N., Smith, E.-L., & Poirier, N. (2026) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1124386ar
Mayes, S. D., Andino, M. V., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-026-01509-z
- Authors
- Duncan, A., Tamm, L., Birnschein, A. M., & Becker, S. P.
- Affiliations
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Duncan, Amie
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-11-14
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1354-1362
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- PMC
- PMC6517090
- OpenAlex
- W2900570878
- Semantic Scholar
- 066f0ca5ce306f94af2693b7fe0a287126914ae6
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH108603)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1 TR001425)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R21HD090334-01A1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- sluggish cognitive tempo, autism spectrum disorder, adolescents, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, executive function, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, metacognitive deficits, behavioral regulation, autism symptomatology
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index
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