Psychiatric Comorbidity and Medication Use in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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The purpose of this study was to investigate comorbid psychiatric disorders and psychotropic medication use among adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ascertained as children during a 1980's statewide Utah autism prevalence study (n = 129). Seventy-three individuals (56.6 %) met criteria for a current psychiatric disorder; 89 participants (69.0 %) met lifetime criteria for a psychiatric disorder. Caregivers reported a psychiatric diagnosis in 44 participants (34.1 %). Anxiety disorder had the highest current and lifetime prevalence (39.5 and 52.7 %, respectively). Participants with intellectual disability (n = 94, 72.8 %) were significantly less likely to have community-based diagnoses of anxiety (χ(2) = 5.37, p = 0.02) or depression (χ(2) = 13.18, p < 0.001) reported by caregivers. Seventy-six participants (58.9 %) were taking ≥1 psychotropic medication. Comorbid psychiatric disorders occur frequently in adults with ASD, though identifying these disorders poses a challenge in community settings. A greater understanding of the presentation of these conditions within this population will increase assessment validity and the potential for efficacious intervention.
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The majority of autistic children, adolescents and adults have one or more associated mental health conditions.
“The majority of autistic children, adolescents and adults have one or more associated mental health conditions (Buck et al., 2014; Simonoff et al., 2008), with co-occurring anxiety disorders among the most common concerns.”
From Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools. (2020) · cites this paper as Buck et al., 2014
The Introduction reports co-occurring psychiatric conditions in 70–80.9% of children with ASD, and the Results (Psychiatric Disorders) find at least one current disorder in 57% of the adults studied. The paper does not establish a majority specifically among adolescents, and its Discussion cautions that the adult findings are primarily applicable to similarly severely affected populations rather than all autistic adults. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured40%-50% of autistic individuals meet formal criteria for a co-occurring anxiety disorder.
“Although prevalence estimates vary across studies, the current consensus is that 40%–50% of autistic individuals meet formal criteria for a co-occurring anxiety disorder (Buck et al., 2014; Van Steensel et al., 2011)”
From Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools. (2020) · cites this paper as Buck et al., 2014
The Results > Anxiety section (page unavailable) reports that 40% of the study’s adults with ASD met current Mini PAS-ADD anxiety criteria, supporting the lower end of the quoted range. The paper reports 53% for lifetime anxiety, but its adult sample alone does not establish a 40%–50% consensus for autistic individuals generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOur results are in line with earlier studies showing concomitant psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses are common in adults with ASD.
“Our results are, to a great extent, in line with the earlier studies on adults with ASD, which have shown that concomitant psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses are common”
From Older Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Sweden: A Register Study of Diagnoses, Psychiatric Care Utilization and Psychotropic Medication of 601 Individuals (2018) · cites this paper as Buck et al. 2014
Co-occurring anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health concerns in autism.
“with co-occurring anxiety disorders among the most common concerns.”
From Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools. (2020) · cites this paper as Buck et al., 2014
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Self-citationComorbid Symptomology in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability
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Sleep problems in adults with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability
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Protective Effect or Missed Diagnosis? Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Where Do Neurodevelopmental Disorders Go? Casting the Eye Away from Childhood towards Adulthood
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Community Mental Health Services for Autistic Adults: Good News and Bad News
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Neuropsychological Assessment in Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“The majority of autistic children, adolescents and adults have one or more associated mental health conditions (Buck et al., 2014; Simonoff et al., 2008), with co-occurring anxiety disorders among the most common concerns.”
BackgroundPsychiatric and Medical Profiles of Autistic Adults in the SPARK Cohort
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Understanding, recognising and treating co-occurring anxiety in autism
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Very Low Birth Weight, Infant Growth, and Autism-Spectrum Traits in Adulthood
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Cohort profile: the Australian Longitudinal Study of Adults with Autism (ALSAA)
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Psychotropic Medication Use in Autism Spectrum Disorders May Affect Functional Brain Connectivity
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Planning Skills in Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Lifespan: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression
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- Authors
- Buck, T. R., Viskochil, J., Farley, M., Coon, H., McMahon, W. M., Morgan, J., & Bilder, D. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bilder, Deborah A.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2014-06-24
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3063-3071
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC4355011
- OpenAlex
- W1997388980
- Cited by
- 323
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 12.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks
- University of Utah
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH094400)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric comorbidity, psychotropic drug use, anxiety disorders, depression, intellectual disability, autistic adults, community diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Psychotropic Drugs, Utah, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Young Adult
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