The Flexibility Scale: Development and Preliminary Validation of a Cognitive Flexibility Measure in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Abstract
Flexibility is a key component of executive function, and is related to everyday functioning and adult outcomes. However, existing informant reports do not densely sample cognitive aspects of flexibility; the Flexibility Scale (FS) was developed to address this gap. This study investigates the validity of the FS in 221 youth with ASD and 57 typically developing children. Exploratory factor analysis indicates a five-factor scale: Routines/rituals, transitions/change, special interests, social flexibility, and generativity. The FS demonstrated convergent and divergent validity with comparative domains of function in other measures, save for the Generativity factor. The FS discriminated participants with ASD and controls. Thus, this study suggests the FS may be a viable, comprehensive measure of flexibility in everyday settings.
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Standardized informant-report assessments targeting flexible behaviours in autism have been developed, such as the Flexibility Scale, which reveals factors related to routines/rituals, transitions/change, special interests, social flexibility, and generativity.
“Standardized informant-report assessments specifically targeting flexible behaviours in autism have been developed, such as the Flexibility Scale, which reveals factors related to routines/rituals, transitions/change, special interests, social flexibility and generativity86.”
From Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: Neural mechanisms and clinical considerations (2021) · cites this paper as [86]
Exploratory factor analysis of the Flexibility Scale revealed five factors related to Routines/Rituals, Transitions/Change, Special Interests, Social Flexibility, and Generativity, and the scale demonstrated convergent and divergent validity with comparative domains in other measures including the shift subscale of the BRIEF and D-KEFS performance.
“Exploratory factor analysis revealed evidence for five factors related to Routines/Rituals, Transitions/Change, Special Interests, Social Flexibility, and Generativity, and the scale demonstrated convergent and divergent validity with comparative domains in other measures including the ‘shift’ subscale of the BRIEF and D-KEFS performance (133).”
From Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [133]
The Flexibility Scale, based on data from 300 6- to 17-year-olds, is an informant report that densely samples cognitive aspects of flexibility in everyday settings and has been shown to discriminate participants with ASD from controls.
“The Flexibility Scale, based on data collected from 300 6–17 year olds, is an informant report that densely samples cognitive aspects of flexibility in everyday settings and has been shown to discriminate participants with ASD and controls.”
From Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [133]
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Pituch, K. A., Green, V. A., Sigafoos, J., Itchon, J., O’Reilly, M. F., Lancioni, G. E., & Didden, R. (2006) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2006.07.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Votinov, M., Pripfl, J., Windischberger, C., Moser, E., Sailer, U., & Lamm, C. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00172 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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2 of the 101 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: Neural mechanisms and clinical considerations
Uddin, L. Q. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00428-w · Cited by 698 · see citing works
Zickgraf, H. F., Richard, E., Zucker, N. L., & Wallace, G. L. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1738236 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“The Flexibility Scale-Revised is a valid and reliable (Cronbach’s α = .75-.91) 27-item parent-report questionnaire that assesses multiple aspects of behavioral flexibility for children (i.e., Routines/Rituals, Transitions/ Change, Special Interests, Social Flexibility, and Generativity) and importantly, does not inclu…”
MethodSelf-citationUddin, L. Q. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.010 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Correlates of Feeding Difficulties Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
Page, S. D., Souders, M. C., Kral, T. V. E., Chao, A. M., & Pinto-Martin, J. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04947-4 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Ozsivadjian, A., Hollocks, M. J., Magiati, I., Happé, F., Baird, G., & Absoud, M. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13295 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Adaptive behavior in youth with autism spectrum disorder: The role of flexibility
Bertollo, J. R., Strang, J. F., Anthony, L. G., Kenworthy, L., Wallace, G. L., & Yerys, B. E. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04220-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationHan, Y. M. Y., Chan, M. M. Y., Shea, C. K., Lai, O. L.-H., Krishnamurthy, K., Cheung, M., & Chan, A. S.-Y. (2022) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2022.02.004 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“[18] showed that slower performance on the Trail Making Test (which involves rule switching) significantly correlated with more inflexible behaviors in daily life.”
A comparison of methods for measuring camouflaging in autism
Hannon, B., Mandy, W., & Hull, L. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2850 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Previous measure validation work has found moderate-to-large correlations between self-report questionnaires completed by autistic children and their parents (Strang et al., 2017).”
ResultHollocks, M. J., Charman, T., Baird, G., Lord, C., Pickles, A. R., & Simonoff, E. A. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211046160 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Autistic people show greater cognitive inflexibility when compared to those without an autism diagnosis (Strang et al., 2017), and it may be one process underlying co-occurring emotional and behavioural difficulties.”
BackgroundWhat does it take to be rigid? Reflections on the notion of rigidity in autism
Petrolini, V., Jorba, M., & Vicente, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1072362 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Regulating Together: Emotion Dysregulation Group Treatment for ASD Youth and Their Caregivers
Shaffer, R. C., Schmitt, L., Reisinger, D. L., Coffman, M. C., Horn, P. S., Goodwin, M. S., Mazefsky, C. A., Randall, S., & Erickson, C. A. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05461-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Internal Consistency within scales is adequate ranging from 0.75 to 0.91 (Strang et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSethi, C., Harrop, C., Zhang, W., Pritchett, J., Whitten, A., & Boyd, B. A. (2018) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318810217 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“While previous research has focused on cognitive inflexibility in ASD, this work often included only individuals without co-occurring intellectual disabilities (Kaland et al., 2008; Strang et al., 2017) and/or was more mechanistic in nature (Dajani and Uddin, 2015; Sanders et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLei, J., Charman, T., Leigh, E., Russell, A., Mohamed, Z., & Hollocks, M. J. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2826 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“, 2000), one study used The Flexibility Scale-Revised (FS-R; Strang et al., 2017), and one study also used the Sameness subscale from the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (Maddox et al.”
MethodAccounting for the preference for literal meanings in autism spectrum conditions
Vicente, A., & Falkum, I. L. (2021) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/mila.12371 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Uljarević, M., Frazier, T. W., Jo, B., Scahill, L., Youngstrom, E. A., Spackman, E., Phillips, J. M., Billingham, W., & Hardan, A. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.863 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Norris, R. H. C., Churilov, L. P., Hannan, A. J., & Nithianantharajah, J. (2019) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0292-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Uljarević, M., Spackman, E. K., Whitehouse, A., Frazier, T. W., Billingham, W., Condron, P., Hardan, A. Y., & Leekam, S. (2023) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102286 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nadeau, M., Richard, E., & Wallace, G. L. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04945-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This scale has demonstrated acceptable to excellent internal consistency (ɑs = 0.75–0.91; Strang et al. 2017).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSolomon, M., Gordon, A., Iosif, A., Geddert, R., Krug, M. K., Mundy, P., & Hessl, D. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2399 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…has been questioned, however [Geurts, Corbett, & Solomon, 2009], andmay only be present if certain less effortful experimental tasks or parent-reportmeasures are used [Bertollo et al., 2020; Strang et al., 2017], or if participants must initiate actions [Poljac, Hoofs, Princen, & Poljac, 2017].”
Backgroundsocial Communication Predictors in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Theoretical Review
Costescu, C. A., Pitariu, D., David, C., & Roșan, A. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/20438087221106955 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“While developing a new measurement for cognitive flexibility in children with ASD Strang et al. (2017) discovered that a new form of flexibility emerged, social flexibility, which represents the ability of the child to behave in a flexible way in social contexts (e.g., show interest in other people…”
BackgroundDell’Osso, L., Nardi, B., Bonelli, C., Amatori, G., Pereyra, M. A., Massimetti, E., Cremone, I. M., Pini, S., & Carpita, B. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14010064 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Similarly, people with ASD show greater cognitive inflexibility compared to the general population, and those difficulties with executive functioning appear to be correlated with greater symptoms of both emotional and behavioral difficulties [88–91].”
BackgroundReisinger, D. L., Goodwin, M. S., Horn, P. S., Schmitt, L., Coffman, M. C., & Shaffer, R. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66084-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Internal consistency within scales is adequate with correlations ranging from 0.75 to 0.91 66 .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEnhancing Flexibility: A Biosocial Model for Resilience to Adversity in Youth With Autism
Scarpa, A., Swain, D. M., Factor, R. S., Dahiya, A. V., & Bertollo, J. R. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211037997 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Strang et al. (2017) identified five factors related to flexibility: routines/rituals, transitions/change, special interests, social flexibility, and generativity.”
BackgroundKenworthy, L., Freeman, A., Ratto, A., Dudley, K., Powell, K. K., Pugliese, C. E., Strang, J. F., Verbalis, A., & Anthony, L. G. (2020) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561772000017x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Among elementary school-aged youth, social interactions present some of the greatest EF demands (Strang et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBarnes, G. L., Ozsivadjian, A., Baird, G., Absoud, M., & Hollocks, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06246-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Characterizing subdomains of insistence on sameness in autistic youth
Spackman, E. K., Smillie, L. D., Frazier, T. W., Hardan, A. Y., & Uljarević, M. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3033 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…IS is traditionally conceptualized within non-social contexts, recent work has emphasized that it also occurs in the context of social interactions (Lecavalier et al., 2020; Manor-Binyamini & Schreiber-Divon, 2019; Strang et al., 2017), an aspect that is not captured by most current measures of IS.”
BackgroundSeng, G., Lai, M., Goh, J. O. S., Tseng, W. I., & Gau, S. S. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2732 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Cognitive inflexibility may relate to more severe RRBs (Lopez et al., 2005; South et al., 2007; Yerys et al., 2009), or specifically, IS (Miller et al., 2015), suggesting potentially shared underpinnings between cognitive flexibility and IS (Strang et al., 2017).”
BackgroundHollocks, M. J., McQuaid, G. A., Yerys, B. E., Strang, J. F., Anthony, L. G., Kenworthy, L. E., Lee, N., & Wallace, G. L. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3025 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“For an overview of psychometric properties of the original Flexibility Scale AQ-28 see Strang et al. (2017).”
InfluentialSelf-citationعليوات, ش. خ. ح. (2020) · Journal of King Abdulaziz University Arts and Humanities · doi:10.4197/art.28-14.10 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Spackman, E. K., Geng, A., Smillie, L. D., Frazier, T. W., Hardan, A. Y., Alvarez, G. A., Whitehouse, A., Schuck, R. K., Leekam, S. R., & Uljarević, M. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06404-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Similarly, preliminary evidence suggests that IS may also encompass more specific subdomains, including sameness in one’s environment, reliance on routines, and sameness across social contexts (Strang et al., 2017 ; Peters-Scheffer et al., 2013; Spackman et al., 2022b).”
Cook, K. M., You, X., Cherry, J. B. C., Merchant, J. S., Skapek, M., Powers, M. D., Pugliese, C. E., Kenworthy, L. E., & Vaidya, C. J. (2021) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-021-09388-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The Flexibility Scale was designed to tap behavioral and social flexibility specifically in ASD, and therefore, it has limited sensitivity in TD children.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationBehavioral inflexibility in fragile X syndrome: Accounts from caregivers and self-advocates
Jones, A., Kang, S., Shaffer, R. C., Erickson, C. A., & Schmitt, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1118652 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“, 1999) and the Flexibility Scale (Strang et al., 2017) exclusively assess inflexible behavior, but were constructed and validated for use in autism, and thus contain items which may not be applicable or appropriate for individuals with FXS.”
BackgroundHarrop, C., Bodfish, J. W., Lecavalier, L., Dallman, A., Jones, D. R., Pritchett, J., Whitten, A., & Boyd, B. A. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06079-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Cognitive flexibility has been linked to the presence of anxiety in autism (Miller et al., 2015; Strang et al., 2017).”
Williams, K. E., Adams, W., Sanchez, K., & Hendy, H. M. (2022) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-022-09868-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“, 2012), rigidity was measured with the Flexibility Scale-Revised (Strang et al., 2017), and food selectivity was measured from two items (“my child enjoys a wide variety of foods”; “my child decides that s/he doesn’t like a food, even without tasting it) from the Food Fussiness scale of the Children’s Eating Behavior…”
MethodRodgers, J., & South, M. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13340 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“On the other hand, inclusion of a new measure of cognitive inflexibility validated with autism samples (Strang et al., 2017) is an area of strength and offers rich promise for future work in the area.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Role of Everyday Executive Function in Observed Social Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Burroughs, C., Muscatello, R. A., & Corbett, B. A. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06351-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“A prior study found that the BRIEF Shift scale, included in its entirety within the BRIEF-2 Emotion Regulation Index, and the Flexibility Scale-Revised (Strang et al., 2017) significantly predict challenges with communication and social adaptive behavior (Bertollo et al., 2020).”
Castroviejo, E., Hernández‐Conde, J. V., Lazaridou‐Chatzigoga, D., Ponciano, M., & Vicente, A. (2022) · Language Learning and Development · doi:10.1080/15475441.2022.2071715 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“The aim of that study is to test whether in the autistic population there may be a marked intolerance to exceptions (which is the case in the social domain: Strang et al., 2017), and so a higher rejection rate of GS.”
BackgroundVicente, A., & Martín-González, I. (2021) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1080/02109395.2021.1909248 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Advantages of Bilinguals over Monolinguals: Creativity among Bilingual Arabic—Hebrew Arab Students
Abu‐Rabia, S., & Alattawna, Y. (2022) · Creative Education · doi:10.4236/ce.2022.135104 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hollocks, M. J., McQuaid, G. A., Lee, N., & Wallace, G. L. (2025) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.70061 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The FS-SR is based on the original Flexibility Scale, which was designed for youth (Strang et al. 2017).”
Self-citationMahmud, F., Kang, E., McDonald, R. G., Wallace, D., & Warner, C. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1570185 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Coffman, M. C., Wells, M., Schmitt, L., Reisinger, D. L., Horn, P. S., & Shaffer, R. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1401148 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rostambegyi, P., Ghaemi, S. Z., Khakshour, A., Yeganeh, S., Abbasi, Z., & Poorbarat, S. (2021) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22038/ijp.2020.51136.4059 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Tollerfield, I., Chapman, H. M., & Lovell, A. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05092-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
McKinney, W. S., Tadevich, L. J., Schmitt, L., Horn, P. S., Ruberg, J. R., White, S. W., Reisinger, D. L., Burkett, K., Sarawgi, S., Kang, S., et al. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02737-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The Pediatric PROMIS Anxiety (13 items) and Depression (13 items) Scales [81, 82] The Flexibility Scale [83] is a caregiver report measure developed to assess the multidimensionality of flexibility in youth with ASD, including cognitive aspects of flexibility in daily life, routines/rituals,…”
InfluentialExploring self-harm risk vulnerabilities in autism using the ‘thinking patterns profiling model’
Tollerfield, I., Wilkinson, E., Stewart, A., Nall‐Evans, S., Michelet, F., Elliott, P., & Jaydeokar, S. (2023) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-023-00069-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The questionnaires included items from the Empathy Quotient-Systemizing Quotient (EQ-SQ) Child questionnaire [38], the Emotion Dysregulation Inventory [39], the Extreme-Demand-Avoidance questionnaire [40], the Social Communication, Emotional Regulation, and Transactional Support (SCERTS) model [41], and the Flexibilit…”
MethodHorne, K., Chen, T., & Irish, M. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12505 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“A growing body of evidence suggests that flexibility is multidimensional in nature (Barbey et al., 2013; Steinmetz et al., 2011; Strang et al., 2017) and potentially varies along several underlying factors, such as the preference for routine, restricted interests and insistence on sameness (Schultz…”
InfluentialPomoni, M., Harris, G., & Coulthard, H. (2025) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.70025 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hocaoğlu, A. Y., & Güvendir, M. A. (2025) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2025.2548527 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dodangeh, Z., Hosseini, E. M., & Dehkordi, P. S. (2021) · Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.32598/shenakht.8.2.100 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Examining Sensitivity to Developmental Changes on the Behavioral Inflexibility Scale
Boyd, B. A., Howard, W., Bodfish, J. W., Lecavalier, L., Harrop, C., Jones, D. R., Dallman, A., Kalburgi, S. N., & Hollway, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05837-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rahayu, M. N. M., Aprodita, N. P., & Rasyida, A. (2022) · Indigenous Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi · doi:10.23917/indigenous.v7i3.18851 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cognitive inflexibility and immunome biomarkers in children with autism spectrum disorder
Ferretti, C. J., Cook, B. L., Mahant, A. M., Chu, P., Zhao, Y., Taylor, B. P., Herold, B. C., & Hollander, E. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104071 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…skills, and is predictive of emotional and behavioral difficulties across the lifespan (Hollocks et al., 2022; Ozsivadjian et al., 2021) for both those with and without mental illness, and improved flexibility positively impacts both executive functioning and social skills (Strang et al., 2017).”
ÇELİK, D. Ö., & Öktem, D. (2025) · Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.25307/jssr.1596687 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Co-designed yoga nidra targeting anxiety in autistic children: A mixed methods feasibility study
Loftus, T., Yau, S. H., Soares, S., Byrne, J., & Mathersul, D. C. (2026) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2026.105367 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Algebres a operateurs de nombre de presentation quadratique
Besnard, F. (2000) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Clawson, A., Phan, J., Baldwin, S. A., Wallace, G. L., Persky, R., Kenworthy, L. E., Khuu, A., Jack, A., Webb, S. J., Pelphrey, K. A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jbtge · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationCultural adaptation and preliminary validation of the Flexibility Scale for Spain
Rodríguez-Armendariz, E., Petrolini, V., Martín-González, I., Juncal‐Ruíz, M., & Vicente, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1443078
Hocaoğlu, A. Y., & Güvendir, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07058-6
Loftus, T., Yau, S. H., Byrne, J., & Mathersul, D. C. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70136
Assessing the Knobe Effect in Autistic and Non-Autistic Individuals
Hernández‐Conde, J. V., & Vicente, A. (2025) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-025-00792-x
“Some studies suggest that autistic individuals are typically more “legalistic” than neurotypicals (Strang et al. 2017; Dempsey et al. ibid.”
Cook, K. M., You, X., Cherry, J. B. C., Merchant, J. S., Skapek, M., Powers, M. D., Pugliese, C. E., Kenworthy, L. E., & Vaidya, C. J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16625372
Self-citationLuo, J., Zhou, X., Shi, Y., Ma, D., Li, J., Zhou, L., Cheng, Y., & Meng, X. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07310-7
Journal, F., Godel, M., Kojovic, N., Latrèche, K., Schneider, M., & Schaer, M. (2026) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-026-07404-2
Costescu, C. A., David, C., Roșan, A., Pădure, M., & Cozma, L. (2026) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2026.2701072
Greenstein, E., Lee, N., McQuaid, G. A., & Wallace, G. L. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261466302
“Flexibility was assessed using a modified version of the Flexibility Scale (FS; Strang et al., 2017), an informant-report measure designed to evaluate cognitive and behavioral flexibility in autistic children.”
Self-citationMcKinney, W. S., Schmitt, L. M., Ruberg, J. R., Coffman, M. C., Reisinger, D. L., & Shaffer, R. C. (2026) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/10445463261477348
“Speci fi cally, treatment response was not moderated by neighborhood opportunity for the EDI-D ( R 2 = 0.001, F [3,162.949] = 0.284, p = 0.837), BRIEF ERI ( R 2 = 0.006, F [3,161.733] = 1.557, p = 0.202), ERST ( R 2 = 0.005, F [3,123.540] = 0.438, p = 0.726), Flexibility Scale total score ( R 2 = 0.005, F [3,165.902] =…”
Influential
- Authors
- Strang, J. F., Anthony, L. G., Yerys, B. E., Hardy, K. K., Wallace, G. L., Armour, A. C., Dudley, K., & Kenworthy, L.
- Affiliations
- Children's National (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Strang, John F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2017-05-19
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2502-2518
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2615779178
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Isadore and Bertha Gudelsky Family Foundation (US) (P30H0040677)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- cognitive flexibility, autism spectrum disorder, executive function, scale development, psychometric validation, children, interest groups, social flexibility, generativity, daily functioning
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Child, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Psychological Tests, Social Behavior, Case-Control Studies, Executive Function
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