Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Yeast Species Isolated from Stool Samples of Children with Suspected or Diagnosed Autism Spectrum Disorders and In Vitro Susceptibility Against Nystatin and Fluconazole
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a general term for a group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders of brain development that limits a person's ability to function normally. Etiology has not been clearly defined up to date. However, gut microbiota and the bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and brain, the so-called microbiota-gut-brain axis, are hypothesized, which may be involved in the etiology of several mental disorders. Recent reports suggest that Candida, particularly Candida albicans, growth in intestines may cause lower absorption of carbohydrates and minerals and higher toxin levels which are thought to contribute autistic behaviors. The aim of this study was to identify the 3-year deposited yeasts isolated from stool samples of children with diagnosed or suspected ASD and to determine in vitro activity of nystatin and fluconazole against these isolates using Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A3 guidelines. A 17-year retrospective assessment was also done using our laboratory records. Among the species identified, intrinsically fluconazole-resistant Candida krusei (19.8 %) and Candida glabrata (14.8 %) with elevated MICs were remarkable. Overall, C. albicans (57.4 %) was the most commonly isolated species in 17 years. The species identification and/or antifungal susceptibility tests have to be performed using the strain isolated from stool sample, to select the appropriate antifungal agent, if antimycotic therapy is needed.
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One culture-based study showed significant presence of Candida species in the feces of children with ASD, the majority Candida albicans, and fluconazole-resistant species including C. krusei and C. glabrata were also found.
“So far, fungal microbiota studies in ASD are scant; however, one culture-based study showed significant presence of Candida species in the feces of children with ASD, the majority of which were Candida albicans. Fluconozole-resistant species were also found in significant numbers of cultures, including C. krusei and C. glabrata [96].”
From The Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [96]
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- Authors
- Kantarcioglu, A. S., Kiraz, N., & Aydin, A.
- Affiliations
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa (TR)
- ORCID
- Kiraz, Nuri
- Venue
- Mycopathologia
- Published
- 2015-10-06
- Volume
- 181
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 1-7
- ISSN
- 0301-486X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0832
- OpenAlex
- W1885424791
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 4.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Mycopathologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Yeasts and Rust Fungi Studies
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, gut microbiota, microbiota-gut-brain axis, Candida, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, antifungal susceptibility, nystatin, fluconazole, fluconazole resistance, children, fecal isolates
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Antifungal Agents, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Nystatin, Retrospective Studies, Yeasts, Fluconazole, Gastrointestinal Tract
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