Mechanism of Increased Fluconazole Resistance in Candida glabrata during Prophylaxis
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Candida glabrata can become resistant to fluconazole, causing persistent colonization and invasive infection during prolonged exposure to the drug. To determine the mechanism of resistance in this setting, weekly oropharyngeal cultures for C. glabrata were obtained over a 2-year period from hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients who were receiving fluconazole prophylaxis. In 20 patients from whom at least two isolates of the same karyotype were obtained more than two weeks apart, fluconazole MICs doubled every 31 days on average. The mechanism of fluconazole resistance in isolates from the 14 of the 20 patients studied in whom MICs changed at least fourfold was studied. Cellular resistance was accompanied by increased drug efflux as measured by decreased accumulation of fluconazole and rhodamine 6G and increased abundance of transcripts from two drug transporters, CgCDR1 and PDH1. The rapidity and regularity of the rising resistance indicated that C. glabrata is able to upregulate drug efflux without losing the ability to maintain colonization.
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Other transporter genes are upregulated in azole-resistant C. glabrata, C. dubliniensis, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis.
“Other transporter genes have been reported to be upregulated in azole-resistant C. glabrata (CgCDR1, CgCDR2 (formerly named PDH1) and CgSNQ2 (another ABC transporter)) [100–102], C. dubliniensis (CdCDR1 and CdCDR2) [103], C. krusei (ABC1 and 2) [104, 105], and C. tropicalis (CDR1-homologue) isolates [44].”
From <i>Candida</i>Infections, Causes, Targets, and Resistance Mechanisms: Traditional and Alternative Antifungal Agents (2013) · cites this paper as [102]
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- Authors
- Bennett, J. E., Izumikawa, K., & Marr, K. A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2004-05
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1773-1777
- ISSN
- 0066-4804 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-6596
- PMC
- PMC400565
- OpenAlex
- W2108027055
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k08ai001571-02)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI01571)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Fungal Plant Pathogen Control
- Keywords
- Candida glabrata, fluconazole resistance, antifungal prophylaxis, hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, drug efflux, oropharyngeal colonization, invasive candidiasis
- MeSH terms
- Antifungal Agents, Candidiasis, Fluorescent Dyes, Karyotyping, Rhodamines, Blotting, Northern, Fluconazole, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Drug Resistance, Fungal, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal, Candida glabrata
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