Altered brain-gut axis in autism: comorbidity or causative mechanisms
Abstract
The concept that alterated communications between the gut microbiome and the brain may play an important role in human brain disorders has recently received considerable attention. This is the result of provocative preclinical and some clinical evidence supporting early hypotheses about such communication in health and disease. Gastrointestinal symptoms are a common comorbidity in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), even though the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In addition, alteration in the composition and metabolic products of the gut microbiome has long been implicated as a possible causative mechanism contributing to ASD pathophysiology, and this hypothesis has been supported by several recently published evidence from rodent models of autism induced by prenatal insults to the mother. Recent evidence in one such model involving maternal infection, that is characterized by alterations in behavior, gut physiology, microbial composition, and related metabolite profile, suggests a possible benefit of probiotic treatment on several of the observed abnormal behaviors.
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Initial clinical evidence of MGB interactions primarily stems from associations between dysbiosis and CNS disorders, such as autism, anxiety-depressive behaviors, and functional gastrointestinal disorders.
“Initial clinical evidence of MGB interactions primarily stems from associations between dysbiosis and CNS disorders, such as autism, anxiety-depressive behaviors, and functional gastrointestinal disorders (63, 65–72).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [65]
Alterations in gut permeability have been described in individuals with ASD.
“Indeed, alterations in gut permeability have been described in individuals with ASD (Julio-Pieper et al., 2014; Mayer et al., 2014).”
From Mechanisms underlying microbial-mediated changes in social behavior in mouse models of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as Mayer et al., 2014
Dysregulation of interactions between the brain, intestine and enteric microbiome has been implicated in several disease processes involving both the CNS and ENS, including ASD.
“Dysregulation of the interactions between the brain, the intestine and the enteric microbiome has been implicated in several disease processes involving both the CNS and ENS, including, in addition to ASD [15–17], functional GI disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome [18, 19], psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression [20, 21], as well as Parkinson’s disease [22].”
From Serotonin as a link between the gut-brain-microbiome axis in autism spectrum disorders (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
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Neuroprotective effects of short-chain fatty acids in MPTP induced mice model of Parkinson's disease
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“Moreover, the association between gut bacteria alteration and the severity of symptoms has been observed in autism patients (Song et al., 2004; Mayer et al., 2014).”
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- Authors
- Mayer, E. A., Padua, D., & Tillisch, K.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mayer, Emeran A.
- Venue
- BioEssays
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-08-22
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 933-939
- ISSN
- 0265-9247 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-1878
- OpenAlex
- W1807343300
- Semantic Scholar
- d784641ea961d57402b4c2a73d09d0b2bb327e09
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- BioEssays (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health (DK048351)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, gut-brain axis, gut microbiota, gastrointestinal symptoms, comorbidities, probiotics, microbial metabolites, ASD pathophysiology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autistic Disorder, Brain, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Probiotics, Gastrointestinal Tract, Microbiota
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