The pivotal role of astrocytes in the metabolism of iron in the brain
Abstract
Iron is essential for the normal functioning of cells but since it is also capable of generating toxic reactive oxygen species, the metabolism of iron is tightly regulated. The present article advances the view that astrocytes are largely responsible for distributing iron in the brain. Capillary endothelial cells are separated from the neuropil by the endfeet of astrocytes, so astrocytes are ideally positioned to regulate the transport of iron to other brain cells and to protect them if iron breaches the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes do not appear to have a high metabolic requirement for iron yet they possess transporters for transferrin, haemin and non-transferrin-bound iron. They store iron efficiently in ferritin and can export iron by a mechanism that involves ferroportin and ceruloplasmin. Since astrocytes are a common site of abnormal iron accumulation in ageing and neurodegenerative disorders, they may represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment of iron-mediated oxidative stress.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Astrocytes are thought to play a key part in regulating brain iron absorption because their perivascular end-foot processes ensheath the abluminal membrane of the blood-brain barrier and form direct connections to neurons.
“Because the perivascular end-foot processes of astrocytes ensheath the abluminal membrane of the blood–brain barrier25 and form direct connections to neurons, astrocytes are thought to play a key part in regulating brain iron absorption.18”
From The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
Cites
Iron, brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders
Zecca, L., Youdim, M. B. H., Riederer, P., Connor, J. R., & Crichton, R. R. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1537 · Cited by 1,801 · see citing works
Hentze, M. W., Muckenthaler, M. U., & Andrews, N. C. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00343-5 · Cited by 1,736 · see citing works
Regulation of ferritin genes and protein
Torti, F. M., & Torti, S. V. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v99.10.3505 · Cited by 1,173 · see citing works
An iron-regulated ferric reductase associated with the absorption of dietary iron
McKie, A. T., Barrow, D., Latunde-Dada, G. O., Rolfs, A., Sager, G., Mudaly, E., Mudaly, M., Richardson, C., Barlow, D., Bomford, A., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1057206 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
The role of iron regulatory proteins in mammalian iron homeostasis and disease
Rouault, T. A. (2006) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio807 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy
Lozoff, B., Beard, J., Connor, J., Felt, B., Georgieff, M., & Schallert, T. (2006) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1301/nr.2006.may.s34-s43 · Cited by 975 · see citing works
Regulation of Iron Metabolism by Hepcidin
Nemeth, E., & Ganz, T. (2006) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111303 · Cited by 756 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There is now widespread agreement that hepcidin plays a central role in regulating the availability of extracellular iron [21, 22].”
BackgroundIdentification of an Intestinal Heme Transporter
Shayeghi, M., Latunde-Dada, G. O., Oakhill, J. S., Laftah, A. H., Takeuchi, K., Halliday, N., Khan, Y., Warley, A., McCann, F. E., Hider, R. C., et al. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.025 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Glutathione Pathways in the Brain
Dringen, R., & Hirrlinger, J. (2003) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/bc.2003.059 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Self-citationColorimetric ferrozine-based assay for the quantitation of iron in cultured cells
Riemer, J., Hoepken, H. H., Czerwinska, H., Robinson, S. R., & Dringen, R. (2004) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2004.03.049 · Cited by 566 · see citing works
Self-citationCellular distribution of transferrin, ferritin, and iron in normal and aged human brains
Connor, J. R., Menzies, S. L., Martin, S. M. S., & Mufson, E. J. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490270421 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Iron and Iron-Handling Proteins in the Brain After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Wu, J., Hua, Y., Keep, R. F., Nakamura, T., Hoff, J. T., & Xi, G. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000103140.52838.45 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Jeong, S. Y., & David, S. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m301988200 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
DMT1: A mammalian transporter for multiple metals
Garrick, M. D., Dolan, K. G., Horbinski, C., Ghio, A. J., Higgins, D. M., Porubcin, M., Moore, E., Hainsworth, L. N., Umbreit, J. N., Conrad, M. E., et al. (2003) · BioMetals · doi:10.1023/a:1020702213099 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Patel, B. N., & David, S. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.32.20185 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Benarroch, E. E. (2005) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/80.10.1326 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Burdo, J. R., Menzies, S. L., Simpson, I. A., Garrick, L. M., Garrick, M. D., Dolan, K. G., Haile, D. J., Beard, J. L., & Connor, J. R. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.1256 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Rouault, T. A., & Cooperman, S. (2006) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2006.08.002 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Heme oxygenase expression in human central nervous system disorders
Schipper, H. M. (2004) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.09.015 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Cellular iron: Ferroportin is the only way out
Ganz, T. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.02.005 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Expression of the iron transporter ferroportin in synaptic vesicles and the blood-brain barrier
Wu, L. J.-C., Leenders, A. G. M., Cooperman, S., Meyron-Holtz, E., Smith, S., Land, W., Tsai, R. Y. L., Berger, U. V., Sheng, Z.-H., & Rouault, T. A. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2003.10.066 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Astroglia as Metal Depots: Molecular Mechanisms for Metal Accumulation, Storage and Release
Tiffany‐Castiglioni, E., & Qian, Y. (2001) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/s0161-813x(01)00050-x · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Modification of iron regulation by the inflammatory response
WEISS, G. (2005) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology · doi:10.1016/j.beha.2004.09.001 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Jeong, S. Y., & David, S. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2922-06.2006 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Anderson, G. J., & Frazer, D. M. (2005) · Seminars in Liver Disease · doi:10.1055/s-2005-923314 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Iron: A Pathological Mediator of Alzheimer Disease?
Bishop, G. M., Robinson, S. R., Liu, Q., Perry, G. L., Atwood, C., & Smith, M. A. (2002) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000065696 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationHoepken, H. H., Korten, T., Robinson, S. R., & Dringen, R. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02236.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationCellular distribution of iron in the brain of the Belgrade rat
Burdo, J. R., Martin, J., Menzies, S. L., Dolan, K. G., Romano, M. A., Fletcher, R. J., Garrick, M. D., Garrick, L. M., & Connor, J. R. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00207-9 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Distribution of the iron‐regulating protein hepcidin in the murine central nervous system
Zechel, S., Huber‐Wittmer, K., & Halbach, O. V. B. U. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20991 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Mims, M. P., & Prchal, J. T. (2005) · Hematology · doi:10.1080/10245330500093419 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Hepcidin – central regulator of iron metabolism
Atanasiu, V., Manolescu, B. N., & Stoian, I. A.-M. (2006) · European Journal Of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00772.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Bishop, G. M., & Robinson, S. R. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02303-4 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationErikson, K. M., & Aschner, M. (2005) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2005.07.003 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The Ins and Outs of Iron Homeostasis
Donovan, A., Roy, C. N., & Andrews, N. C. (2006) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00052.2005 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Moos, T., Skjørringe, T., Gosk, S., & Morgan, E. H. (2006) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04023.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Stromal cell-derived receptor 2 and cytochrome b561 are functional ferric reductases
Vargas, J. D. H., Herpers, B., McKie, A. T., Gledhill, S., McDonnell, J. M., van den Heuvel, M., Davies, K. E., & Ponting, C. P. (2003) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00242-5 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Gillen, C., Jander, S., & Stoll, G. (1998) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19980215)51:4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Liddell, J. R., Hoepken, H. H., Crack, P. J., Robinson, S. R., & Dringen, R. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20957 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationIron Dysregulation and Neurodegeneration: The Molecular Connection
Lee, D. W. (2006) · Molecular Interventions · doi:10.1124/mi.6.2.6 · Cited by 80 · cited 1× · see citing works
“function, and that abnormally high levels of iron accumulate in particular brain regions in neurodegenerative disorders [6–8].”
BackgroundCastelnau, P., Garrett, R. S., Palinski, W., Witztum, J. L., Campbell, I. L., & Powell, H. C. (1998) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199803000-00008 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ferritin induction protects cortical astrocytes from heme-mediated oxidative injury
Regan, R. F., Kumar, N., Gao, F., & Guo, Y. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00243-9 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Papadopoulos, M. C., Koumenis, I. L., Yuan, T. Y., & Giffard, R. G. (1997) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00320-5 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Iron overload and antioxidative role of perivascular astrocytes in aceruloplasminemia
Oide, T., Yoshida, K., Kaneko, K., Ohta, M., & Arima, K. (2006) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00710.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Kaneko, K., Yoshida, K., Arima, K., Ohara, S., Miyajima, H., Kato, T., Ohta, M., & Ikeda, S.-I. (2002) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/61.12.1069 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Astrocyte Mitochondria: A Substrate for Iron Deposition in the Aging Rat Substantia Nigra
Schipper, H. M., Vininsky, R., Brull, R., Small, L., & Brawer, J. R. (1998) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1998.6854 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cellular distribution of iron, transferrin, and ferritin in the hypotransferrinemic (Hp) mouse brain
Dickinson, T. K., & Connor, J. R. (1995) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903550109 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ham, D., & Schipper, H. M. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Regan, R. F., Wang, Y., Ma, X., Chong, A., & Guo, Y. (2001) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00590.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Sohal, R. S., Wennberg-Kirch, E., Jaiswal, K. R., Kwong, L. K., & Forster, M. J. (1999) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(99)00052-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Liddell, J. R., Dringen, R., Crack, P. J., & Robinson, S. R. (2006) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20433 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, X. S., Ong, W., & Connor, J. R. (2001) · Journal of Neurocytology · doi:10.1023/a:1014464514793 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Cytokine-induced activation of glial cells in the mouse brain is enhanced at an advanced age
Deng, X.-H., Bertini, G., Xu, Y., Yan, Z., & Bentivoglio, M. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.04.016 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Transferrin receptors on the plasma membrane of cultured rat astrocytes
Qian, Z., To, Y., Tang, P., & Feng, Y. (1999) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002210050916 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Simovich, M. J., Hainsworth, L. N., Fields, P. A., Umbreit, J. N., & Conrad, M. E. (2003) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.10383 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Increases Lactoferrin Transcytosis Through the Blood‐Brain Barrier
Fillebeen, C., Dehouck, B., Benaı̈ssa, M., Duthille, I., Cecchelli, R., & Pierce, A. (1999) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0732491.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Xu, L., Koumenis, I. L., Tilly, J. L., & Giffard, R. G. (1999) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-199910000-00024 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
H and L Ferritin Subunit mRNA Expression Differs in Brains of Control and Iron-Deficient Rats
Han, J., Beard, J. L., Day, J. R., & Connor, J. R. (2002) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.9.2769 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kuhlow, C. J., Krady, J. K., Basu, A., & Levison, S. W. (2003) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10273 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Irace, C., Scorziello, A., Maffettone, C., Pignataro, G., Matrone, C., Adornetto, A., Santamaria, R., Annunziato, L., & Colonna, A. (2005) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03449.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Swaiman, K. F., & Machen, V. L. (1985) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/bf00988605 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Transferrin-bound and transferrin free iron uptake by cultured rat astrocytes.
Qian, Z., Liao, Q. K., To, Y., Ke, Y., Tsoi, Y. K., Wang, G. F., & Ho, K. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Iron-independent neuronal expression of transferrin receptor mRNA in the rat
Moos, T., Oates, P. S., & Morgan, E. H. (1999) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00226-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Transferrin binding by mammalian cortical cells
Swaiman, K. F., & Machen, V. L. (1986) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/bf00966119 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Oshiro, S., Nozawa, K., Cai, Y., Hori, M., & Kitajima, S. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Detoxification of hydrogen peroxide by astrocytes
Dringen, R., Liddell, J. R., Knorpp, T., & Robinson, S. R. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4456-9_4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders
Ward, R. J., Zucca, F. A., Duyn, J. H., Crichton, R. R., & Zecca, L. (2014) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70117-6 · Cited by 1,819 · see citing works
Metabolism and functions of copper in brain
Scheiber, I. F., Mercer, J. F. B., & Dringen, R. (2014) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.002 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Self-citationA delicate balance: Iron metabolism and diseases of the brain
Hare, D. J., Ayton, S., Bush, A. I., & Lei, P. (2013) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00034 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
The role of astroglia in neuroprotection
Bélanger, M., & Magistretti, P. J. (2009) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2009.11.3/mbelanger · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Targeting iron metabolism in drug discovery and delivery
Crielaard, B. J., Lammers, T., & Rivella, S. (2017) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2016.248 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Ferroptosis in Parkinson’s disease: glia–neuron crosstalk
Wang, Z.-L., Yuan, L., Li, W., & Li, J.-Y. (2022) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2022.02.003 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Brain Iron Transport: Insight into Neurodegeneration and CNS Disorders
Mills, E., Dong, X.-P., Wang, F., & Xu, H. (2010) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.09.140 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Iron and Alzheimer’s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Implications
Liu, J., Fan, Y., Yang, Z., Wang, Z., & Guo, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00632 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Iron and Alzheimer’s Disease: An Update on Emerging Mechanisms
Lane, D. J. R., Ayton, S., & Bush, A. I. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-179944 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Homeostasis and metabolism of iron and other metal ions in neurodegenerative diseases
Chen, L., Shen, Q., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Sun, L., Ma, X., Song, N., & Xie, J. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-02071-0 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Blood-brain barrier alterations in ageing and dementia
Popescu, B. O., Toescu, E. C., Popescu, L. M., Bajenaru, O. A., Muresanu, D. F., Schultzberg, M., & Bogdanović, N. (2009) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.321 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Jana, A., Hogan, E. L., & Pahan, K. (2009) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2008.12.010 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Non-transferrin-bound iron transporters
Knutson, M. D. (2019) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.413 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Lawen, A., & Lane, D. J. R. (2012) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4271 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Iron concentrations in neurons and glial cells with estimates on ferritin concentrations
Reinert, A., Morawski, M., Seeger, J., Arendt, T., & Reinert, T. (2019) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-019-0507-7 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Hemin toxicity: a preventable source of brain damage following hemorrhagic stroke
Robinson, S. R., Dang, T. N. T., Dringen, R., & Bishop, G. M. (2009) · Redox Report · doi:10.1179/135100009x12525712409931 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationGlutathione-Dependent Detoxification Processes in Astrocytes
Dringen, R., Brandmann, M., Hohnholt, M. C., & Blumrich, E. (2014) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-014-1481-1 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationAstrocytes in heavy metal neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration
Li, B., Xia, M., Zorec, R., Parpura, V., & Verkhratsky, A. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147234 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Functional dissection of astrocyte-secreted proteins: Implications in brain health and diseases
Jha, M. K., Kim, J.-H., Song, G. J., Lee, W., Lee, I. K., Lee, H., An, S. S. A., Kim, S., & Suk, K. (2017) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.12.003 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Parkinson's disease: Alterations in iron and redox biology as a key to unlock therapeutic strategies
Ma, L., Azad, M. G., Dharmasivam, M., Richardson, V., Quinn, R. J., Feng, Y., Pountney, D. L., Tonissen, K. F., Mellick, G. D., Yanatori, I., et al. (2021) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.101896 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Astrocyte functions in the copper homeostasis of the brain
Scheiber, I. F., & Dringen, R. (2012) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2012.08.017 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationAhlberg, S., Antonopulos, A., Diendorf, J., Dringen, R., Epple, M., Flöck, R., Goedecke, W., Graf, C. M., Haberl, N., Helmlinger, J., et al. (2014) · Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology · doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationPathogenic implications of distinct patterns of iron and zinc in chronic MS lesions
Popescu, B. F. G., Frischer, J. M., Webb, S. M., Tham, M., Adiele, R. C., Robinson, C. A., Fitz‐Gibbon, P. D., Weigand, S. D., Metz, I., Nehzati, S., et al. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1696-8 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Pan, Y., & Nicolazzo, J. A. (2018) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.009 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Molecular pathogenesis of IDH mutations in gliomas
Ichimura, K. (2012) · Brain Tumor Pathology · doi:10.1007/s10014-012-0090-4 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Iron homeostasis in astrocytes and microglia is differentially regulated by TNF‐α and TGF‐β1
Rathore, K. I., Redensek, A., & David, S. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22303 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Accumulation of Non-Transferrin-Bound Iron by Neurons, Astrocytes, and Microglia
Bishop, G. M., Dang, T. N. T., Dringen, R., & Robinson, S. R. (2010) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-010-9195-x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationUrrutia, P. J., Bórquez, D. A., & Núñez, M. T. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10010061 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Copper handling by astrocytes: Insights into neurodegenerative diseases
Tiffany‐Castiglioni, E., Hong, S. J., & Qian, Y. (2011) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.09.004 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Qian, Z., & Ke, Y. (2019) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12521 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Thomas, G. E. C., Zarkali, A., Ryten, M., Shmueli, K., Gil-Martínez, A. L., Leyland, L., McColgan, P., Acosta‐Cabronero, J., Lees, A. J., & Weil, R. S. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab084 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Pelizzoni, I., Zacchetti, D., Campanella, A., Grohovaz, F., & Codazzi, F. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.04.007 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Ceruloplasmin-ferroportin system of iron traffic in vertebrates
Musci, G. (2014) · World Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.4331/wjbc.v5.i2.204 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration
Ferrara, J. M., & Jankovic, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-0144-7 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The Involvement of Iron in Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Disease
Daglas, M., & Adlard, P. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00981 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Accumulation of silver nanoparticles by cultured primary brain astrocytes
Luther, E. M., Koehler, Y., Diendorf, J., Epple, M., & Dringen, R. (2011) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/22/37/375101 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationFullerenols as a New Therapeutic Approach in Nanomedicine
Grębowski, J., Kaźmierska, P., & Krokosz, A. (2013) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2013/751913 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Greco, T. M., Seeholzer, S. H., Mak, A., Spruce, L. A., & Ischiropoulos, H. (2010) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr100134n · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Hepcidin, an emerging and important player in brain iron homeostasis
Vela, D. (2018) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-018-1399-5 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Crosstalk between Neuron and Glial Cells in Oxidative Injury and Neuroprotection
Lee, K. H., Cha, M., & Lee, B. H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413315 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Nanomaterials and neurodegeneration
Migliore, L., Uboldi, C., Bucchianico, S. D., & Coppedè, F. (2015) · Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis · doi:10.1002/em.21931 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
McCarthy, R. C., & Kosman, D. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089003 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Lane, D. J. R., Robinson, S. R., Czerwinska, H., Bishop, G. M., & Lawen, A. (2010) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20101317 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular and cellular bases of iron metabolism in humans
Васильевич, М. И., Suhodolo, I. V., Prokopieva, V. D., & Klimenteva, T. K. (2016) · Biochemistry (Moscow) · doi:10.1134/s0006297916060018 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Iron Efflux from Astrocytes Plays a Role in Remyelination
Schulz, K., Kroner, A., & David, S. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5328-11.2012 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Role of iron in neurotoxicity: a cause for concern in the elderly?
Stankiewicz, J., & Brass, S. D. (2008) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e32831ba07c · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Role of iron in brain development, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases
Gao, Q., Zhou, Y., Chen, Y., Hu, W., Jin, W., Zhou, C., Yuan, H., Li, J., Lin, Z., & Lin, W. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2472871 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Yan, Z., Gao, J., Sun, L., Huang, X., Liu, Z., Yu, S., Cao, C.-J., Zuo, L.-J., Chen, Z., et al. (2013) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-013-8586-4 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Copper metabolism of astrocytes
Dringen, R., Scheiber, I. F., & Mercer, J. F. B. (2013) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00009 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationKhan, A. M., Korzeniowska, B., Gorshkov, V., Tahir, M., Schrøder, H. D., Skytte, L., Rasmussen, K. L., Khandige, S., Møller‐Jensen, J., & Kjeldsen, F. (2019) · Nanotoxicology · doi:10.1080/17435390.2018.1540728 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Mazaré, N., Oudart, M., Moulard, J., Cheung, G. T. Y., Tortuyaux, R., Mailly, P., Mazaud, D., Bemelmans, A., Boulay, A.-C., Blugeon, C., et al. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108076 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
McCarthy, R. C., & Kosman, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.455428 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The calcium–iron connection in ferroptosis-mediated neuronal death
Gleitze, S., Paula-Lima, A. C., Núñez, M. T., & Hidalgo, C. (2021) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.231 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Iron Exposure and the Cellular Mechanisms Linked to Neuron Degeneration in Adult Mice
Li, L.-B., Chai, R., Zhang, S., Xu, S., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Fan, Y., & Guo, C. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8020198 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Hemoglobin Expression and Regulation in Glaucoma: Insights into Retinal Ganglion Cell Oxygenation
Tezel, G., Yang, X., Luo, C., Cai, J., Kain, A. D., Powell, D. W., Kuehn, M. H., & Pierce, W. M. J. (2010) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4014 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Uptake of dimercaptosuccinate-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by cultured brain astrocytes
Geppert, M., Hohnholt, M. C., Thiel, K., Nürnberger, S., Grunwald, I., Rezwan, K., & Dringen, R. (2011) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/22/14/145101 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, H., Wang, Y., Song, N., Wang, J., Jiang, H. F., & Xie, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00455 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Geppert, M., Hohnholt, M. C., Nürnberger, S., & Dringen, R. (2012) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.029 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationUptake of ferrous iron by cultured rat astrocytes
Tulpule, K., Robinson, S. R., Bishop, G. M., & Dringen, R. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.22217 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationLuther, E. M., Schmidt, M., Diendorf, J., Epple, M., & Dringen, R. (2012) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0767-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationHohnholt, M. C., Geppert, M., & Dringen, R. (2011) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.052 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationScheiber, I. F., & Dringen, R. (2011) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.04.058 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationFriedrich, I., Reimann, K., Jankuhn, S., Kirilina, E. P., Stieler, J., Sonntag, M., Meijer, J., Weiskopf, N., Reinert, T., Arendt, T., et al. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-021-01145-2 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Redox-Active Metal Ions and Amyloid-Degrading Enzymes in Alzheimer’s Disease
Kim, N., & Lee, H. J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22147697 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Iron is essential for oligodendrocyte genesis following intraspinal macrophage activation
Schonberg, D. L., & McTigue, D. M. (2009) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.04.005 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease —— The iron-related degenerative disease
Yao, Z., Jiao, Q., Du, X., Jia, F., Chen, X., Yan, C., & Jiang, H. F. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102477 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Handling of Iron Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles by Astrocytes
Hohnholt, M. C., Geppert, M., Luther, E. M., Petters, C., Bulcke, F., & Dringen, R. (2012) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0930-y · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationDang, T. N. T., Bishop, G. M., Dringen, R., & Robinson, S. R. (2009) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20901 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationLane, D. J. R., & Lawen, A. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m800713200 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Human Co-culture Model of Neurons and Astrocytes to Test Acute Cytotoxicity of Neurotoxic Compounds
Simone, U. D., Caloni, F., Gribaldo, L., & Coccini, T. (2017) · International Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1177/1091581817739428 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Uptake and metabolism of iron and iron oxide nanoparticles in brain astrocytes
Hohnholt, M. C., & Dringen, R. (2013) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20130114 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationMeguro, R., Asano, Y., Odagiri, S., Li, C., & Shoumura, K. (2008) · Archivum histologicum japonicum · doi:10.1679/aohc.71.205 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Coccini, T., Caloni, F., Ramírez-Cando, L., & Simone, U. D. (2016) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.3367 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Westhaus, A., Blumrich, E. M., & Dringen, R. (2015) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-015-1733-8 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationKalita, J., Kumar, V., Misra, U. K., Ranjan, A., Khan, H., & Konwar, R. (2014) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.013 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Li, H., Swiercz, R., & Englander, E. W. (2009) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06271.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Iron Metabolism with a Specific Focus on the Functioning of the Nervous System
Kulaszyńska, M., Kwiatkowski, S., & Skonieczna‐Żydecka, K. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12030595 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Yang, K., Zeng, L., Zeng, J., Deng, Y., Wang, S., Xu, H., He, Q., Yuan, M., Luo, Y., Ge, A., et al. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102063 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Persichini, T., Maio, N., di Patti, M. C. B., Rizzo, G., Colasanti, M., & Musci, G. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.08.034 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Ehrke, E., Arend, C., & Dringen, R. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23474 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationGórska, A., Markiewicz-Gospodarek, A., Markiewicz, R., Chilimoniuk, Z., Borowski, B., Trubalski, M., & Czarnek, K. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13060911 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Synergistic accumulation of iron and zinc by cultured astrocytes
Bishop, G. M., Scheiber, I. F., Dringen, R., & Robinson, S. R. (2010) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0420-9 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiple Sclerosis and Aging: The Dynamics of Demyelination and Remyelination
Correale, J. D., & Ysrraelit, M. C. (2022) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1177/17590914221118502 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Glial Perturbation in Metal Neurotoxicity: Implications for Brain Disorders
Ijomone, O. K., Inelo, U. I., Aneke, V. O., Olajide, T. S., Inyang, H. O., Omotosho, O. I., Oyerinde, T. O., Anadu, V. E., Gbayisomore, T. J., Okeowo, O. M., et al. (2025) · Neuroglia · doi:10.3390/neuroglia6010004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lamkowsky, M., Geppert, M., Schmidt, M., & Dringen, R. (2011) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.33263 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, N., Yu, X., Song, L., Xiao, Z., Xie, J., & Xu, H. (2022) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.11.018 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Spatial-temporal changes of iron deposition and iron metabolism after traumatic brain injury in mice
Cheng, H., Wang, N., Ma, X., Wang, P., Dong, W., Chen, Z., Wu, M., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Guan, D.-W., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.949573 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Song, R., Yin, S., Wu, J., & Yan, J. (2024) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00025 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ficiarà, E., Munir, Z., Boschi, S., Caligiuri, M. E., & Guiot, C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094479 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sustained hydrogen peroxide stress decreases lactate production by cultured astrocytes
Liddell, J. R., Zwingmann, C., Schmidt, M., Thiessen, A., Leibfritz, D., Robinson, S. R., & Dringen, R. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.22093 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationSalami, A., Papenberg, G., Sitnikov, R., Laukka, E. J., Persson, J., & Kalpouzos, G. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117792 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Astrocytes acquire resistance to iron-dependent oxidative stress upon proinflammatory activation
Macco, R., Pelizzoni, I., Consonni, A., Vitali, I., Giacalone, G., Boneschi, F. M., Codazzi, F., Grohovaz, F., & Zacchetti, D. (2013) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-10-130 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Rebalancing metal dyshomeostasis for Alzheimer’s disease therapy
Yang, G., Liu, H., Ma, D., & Leung, C. (2019) · JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00775-019-01712-y · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Dalès, J.-P., & Desplat‐Jégo, S. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21239105 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Petters, C., & Dringen, R. (2013) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-013-1189-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationHohnholt, M. C., Geppert, M., & Dringen, R. (2010) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-010-0184-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroferritinopathy: Pathophysiology, Presentation, Differential Diagnoses and Management
Kumar, N., Rizek, P., & Jog, M. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.7916/d8930tg2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Walker, T. A., Michaelides, C., Ekonomou, A., Geraki, K., Parkes, H. G., Suessmilch, M., Herlihy, A. H., Crum, W. R., & So, P. (2016) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101069 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Iron Metabolism Disorders for Cognitive Dysfunction After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Huang, S., Su, L., Feng, H., & Chen, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.587197 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Transferrin Receptor Controls AMPA Receptor Trafficking Efficiency and Synaptic Plasticity
Liu, K., Lei, R., Li, Q., Wang, X., Wu, Q., An, P., Zhang, J., Zhu, M., Xu, Z., Hong, Y., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep21019 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dringen, R., Bishop, G. M., Koeppe, M., Dang, T. N., & Robinson, S. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Bremen (DE)
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Dringen, Ralf
- Venue
- Neurochemical Research
- Published
- 2007-06-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1884-1890
- ISSN
- 0364-3190 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6903
- OpenAlex
- W1977002167
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 1.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neurochemical Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- astrocytes, brain iron metabolism, iron transport, transferrin, hemin, non-transferrin-bound iron, ferritin, ferroportin, ceruloplasmin, blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, aging, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Ferroportin, Animals, Astrocytes, Brain, Endothelium, Vascular, Iron, Receptors, Transferrin, Cation Transport Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review