Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy
Abstract
Infants are at high risk for iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. This review summarizes evidence of long-term effects of iron deficiency in infancy. Follow-up studies from preschool age to adolescence report poorer cognitive, motor, and social-emotional function, as well as persisting neurophysiologic differences. Research in animal models points to mechanisms for such long-lasting effects. Potential mechanisms relate to effects of iron deficiency during brain development on neurometabolism, myelination, and neurotransmitter function.
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Both iron deficiency and excess disrupt iron homeostasis, leading to altered erythropoiesis, placental dysfunction, oxidative stress, ferroptosis, and epigenetic modifications that can program offspring susceptibility to neurodevelopmental disorders and metabolic disease.
“Both deficiency and excess disrupt iron homeostasis, leading to altered erythropoiesis, placental dysfunction, oxidative stress, ferroptosis, and epigenetic modifications that can program offspring susceptibility to neurodevelopmental disorders and metabolic disease [99,100,101,108].”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [99]
In adulthood, long after iron repletion, long-term effects are observed in hippocampal structure and function, monoamine metabolism, and myelination.
“Long-term effects are observed in adulthood, long after iron repletion, in hippocampal structure and function, monoamine metabolism, and myelination (55 -60), indicating that early developmental periods are critical and that prevention of iron de fi ciency might be key for protecting against adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.”
From Maternal Intake of Supplemental Iron and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (2014) · cites this paper as [55]
Prevention of iron deficiency might be key for protecting against adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, and early developmental periods are critical.
“Long-term effects are observed in adulthood, long after iron repletion, in hippocampal structure and function, monoamine metabolism, and myelination (55 -60), indicating that early developmental periods are critical and that prevention of iron de fi ciency might be key for protecting against adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.”
From Maternal Intake of Supplemental Iron and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (2014) · cites this paper as [55]
Prenatal inflammation can cause a cytokine-mediated reduction of circulating nonheme iron, or hypoferremia, which can disrupt fetal brain development and lead to persistent structural and functional brain defects.
“Prenatal in fl ammation can produce a cytokine-mediated reduction of circulating nonheme iron, or hypoferremia (48), that can disrupt fetal brain development and lead to persistent structural and functional brain defects (55 -60).”
From Maternal Intake of Supplemental Iron and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder (2014) · cites this paper as [55]
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Very Early Childhood Development
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- Authors
- Lozoff, B., Beard, J., Connor, J., Felt, B., Georgieff, M., & Schallert, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- Nutrition Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-05-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 34-43
- ISSN
- 0029-6643 (ISSN-L)
- 0000-0000
- OpenAlex
- W2162527851
- Cited by
- 975
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 44 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 20.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutrition Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01 HD39386, P01HD039386)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- iron deficiency, infancy, iron deficiency anemia, long-term neurodevelopmental effects, cognitive function, motor development, social-emotional development, brain development, neurometabolism, myelination, neurotransmitter function, animal models
- MeSH terms
- Iron Deficiencies, Animals, Mental Disorders, Brain, Cognition, Disease Models, Animal, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Myelin Sheath, Nervous System Diseases, Neurotransmitter Agents, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency, Growth and Development
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