Anatomic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Developing Child and Adolescent Brain and Effects of Genetic Variation
Open accessAbstract
Magnetic resonance imaging studies have begun to map effects of genetic variation on trajectories of brain development. Longitudinal studies of children and adolescents demonstrate a general pattern of childhood peaks of gray matter followed by adolescent declines, functional and structural increases in connectivity and integrative processing, and a changing balance between limbic/subcortical and frontal lobe functions, which extends well into young adulthood. Twin studies have demonstrated that genetic factors are responsible for a significant amount of variation in pediatric brain morphometry. Longitudinal studies have shown specific genetic polymorphisms affect rates of cortical changes associated with maturation. Although over-interpretation and premature application of neuroimaging findings for diagnostic purposes remains a risk, converging data from multiple imaging modalities is beginning to elucidate the influences of genetic factors on brain development and implications of maturational changes for cognition, emotion, and behavior.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Children with ALL require treatment at a time when the brain is undergoing major developmental changes.
“Children with ALL require treatment at a time when the brain is undergoing major developmental changes (Dean et al., 2014; Giedd et al., 2010; O'Muircheartaigh et al., 2014).”
From Brain structure, working memory and response inhibition in childhood leukemia survivors (2017) · cites this paper as Giedd et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402680101 · Cited by 5,604 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The side bar shows a color representation in units of GM volume (Gogtay et al. 2004) Neuropsychol Rev (2010) 20:349–361 353”
Self-citationMethodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families
Neale, M. C., & Cardon, L. R. (1992) · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-8018-2 · Cited by 4,005 · see citing works
Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene×environment interactions
Meaney, M. J. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01381.x · Cited by 1,239 · see citing works
Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Tessner, K. D., & Toga, A. W. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-22-08819.2001 · Cited by 983 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This would lead to voxels changing classification from GM to WM along this border, resulting in cortical thinning as assessed by MR volumetrics, without necessarily entailing changes in synaptic density (Sowell et al. 2001).”
Growth patterns in the developing brain detected by using continuum mechanical tensor maps
Thompson, P. M., Giedd, J. N., Woods, R. P., MacDonald, D., Evans, A. C., & Toga, A. W. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35004593 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Self-citationFrontostriatal Microstructure Modulates Efficient Recruitment of Cognitive Control
Liston, C., Watts, R., Tottenham, N., Davidson, M. C., Niogi, S., Ulug, A. M., & Casey, B. J. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj003 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Postnatal alterations in dopaminergic markers in the human prefrontal cortex
Weickert, C. S., Webster, M. J., Gondipalli, P., Rothmond, D., Fatula, R. J., Herman, M. M., Kleinman, J. E., & Akil, M. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.10.009 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Shaw, P., Wallace, G. L., Addington, A., Evans, A., Rapoport, J., & Giedd, J. N. (2009) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.121 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 55
- Allen LS Richey MF Chai YM Gorski RA 1991 Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being The Journal of Neuroscience 11 933 942 2010816 PMC6575363
- Anderson BJ Eckburg PB Relucio KI 2002 Alterations in the thickness of motor cortical subregions after motor-skill learning and exercise Learning & Memory 9 1 1 9 11917001 PMC155929
- Baare WF Hulshoff Pol HE Boomsma DI Posthuma D de Geus EJ Schnack HG 2001 Quantitative genetic modeling of variation in human brain morphology Cerebral Cortex 11 9 816 824 11532887
- Berlucchi G 1981 Interhemispheric asymmetries in visual discrimination: a neurophysiological hypothesisDocumenta ophthalmologica Proceedings series 30 87 93
- Braitenberg V 2001 Brain size and number of neurons: an exercise in synthetic neuroanatomy Journal of Computational Neuroscience 10 1 71 77 11316341
- Clark AS MacLusky NJ Goldman-Rakic PS 1988 Androgen binding and metabolism in the cerebral cortex of the deveoping rhesus monkey Endocrinology 123 932 940 3260856
- Cowell PE Allen LS Zalatimo NS Denenberg VH 1992 A developmental study of sex and age interactions in the human corpus callosum Developmental brain research 66 187 192 1606684
- Darlington RB Dunlop SA Finlay BL 1999 Neural development in metatherian and eutherian mammals: variation and constraint The Journal of Comparative Neurology 411 3 359 368 10413772
- Deutsch GK Dougherty RF Bammer R Siok WT Gabrieli JD Wandell B 2005 Children’s reading performance is correlated with white matter structure measured by diffusion tensor imaging Cortex 41 3 354 363 15871600
- Fields R 2008 Oligodendrocytes changing the rules: action potentials in glia and oligodendrocytes controlling action potentials The Neuroscientist 14 6 540 543 19029057 PMC2756778
- Finlay BL Darlington RB 1995 Linked regularities in the development and evolution of mammalian brains Science 268 1578 1584 7777856
- Fishell G 1997 Regionalization in the mammalian telencephalon Current Opinion in Neurobiology 7 1 62 69 9039797
- Fisher RA 1918 The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 52 399 433
- Giedd JN Snell JW Lange N Rajapakse JC Casey BJ Kozuch PL 1996 Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of human brain development: ages 4–18 Cerebral Cortex 6 4 551 560 8670681
- Giedd JN Shaw P Wallace G Gogtay N Lenroot RK Cicchetti D Cohen DJ 2006 Anatomic brain imaging studies of normal and abnormal brain development in children and adolescents Developmental psychopathology 2 2 127 194 Hoboken Wiley
- Hulshoff Pol HE Schnack HG Posthuma D Mandl RC Baare WF van Oel C 2006 Genetic contributions to human brain morphology and intelligence The Journal of Neuroscience 26 40 10235 10242 17021179 PMC6674628
- Kendler KS Walters EE Truett KR Heath AC Neale MC Martin NG 1994 Sources of individual differences in depressive symptoms: analysis of two samples of twins and their families The American Journal of Psychiatry 151 11 1605 1614 7943448
- Lenroot RK Gogtay N Greenstein DK Wells EM Wallace GL Clasen LS 2007 Sexual dimorphism of brain developmental trajectories during childhood and adolescence Neuroimage 36 4 1065 1073 17513132 PMC2040300
- Lenroot RK Schmitt JE Ordaz SJ Wallace GL Neale MC Lerch JP 2009 Differences in genetic and environmental influences on the human cerebral cortex associated with development during childhood and adolescence Human Brain Mapping 30 1 163 174 18041741 PMC6870600
- Lewontin RC 1974 Analysis of variance and analysis of causes American Journal of Human Genetics 26 3 400 411 4827368 PMC1762622
- McGue M 2010 The end of behavioral genetics? Behavior Genetics 40 3 284 296 20358397
- Morse JK Scheff SW DeKosky ST 1986 Gonadal steroids influence axonal sprouting in the hippocampal dentate gyrus: a sexually dimorphic response Experimental Neurology 94 649 658 3780911
- Nagy Z Westerberg H Klingberg T 2004 Maturation of white matter is associated with the development of cognitive functions during childhood Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16 7 1227 1233 15453975
- Nolte J Farrell R 1993 Olfactory and limbic systems The human brain. An introduction to its functional anatomy 3 397 413 St. Louis Mosby-Year Book
- Peper JS Brouwer RM Van Baal GC Schnack HG Van Leeuwen M Boomsma DI 2009 Does having a twin-brother make for a bigger brain? European Journal of Endocrinology 19218283
- Posthuma D De Geus E Neale M Hulshoff Pol H Baare W Kahn R 2000 Multivariate genetic analysis of brain structure in an extended twin design Behavior Genetics 30 4 311 319 11206086
- Posthuma D De Geus EJ Baare WF Hulshoff Pol HE Kahn RS Boomsma DI 2002 The association between brain volume and intelligence is of genetic origin Nature Neuroscience 5 2 83 84 11818967
- Pujol J Vendrell P Junque C Marti-Vilalta JL Capdevila A 1993 When does human brain development end? Evidence of corpus callosum growth up to adulthood Annals of Neurology 34 71 75 8517683
- Rakic P Caviness VS Jr 1995 Cortical development: view from neurological mutants two decades later Neuron 14 6 1101 1104 7605626
- Rauch RA Jinkins JR 1994 Analysis of cross-sectional area measurements of the corpus callosum adjusted for brain size in male and female subjects from childhood to adulthood Behavioural Brain Research 64 65 78 7840893
- Raznahan A Lee Y Long R Greenstein D Clasen L Addington A 2010 Common functional polymorphisms of DISC1 and cortical maturation in typically developing children and adolescents Molecular Psychiatry PMC3162084 20628343
- Rimol LM Panizzon MS Fennema-Notestine C Eyler LT Fischl B Franz CE 2010 Cortical thickness is influenced by regionally specific genetic factors Biological Psychiatry 67 5 493 499 19963208 PMC3184643
- Riva D Giorgi C 2000 The cerebellum contributes to higher functions during development: evidence from a series of children surgically treated for posterior fossa tumours Brain 123 Pt 5 1051 1061 10775549
- Rutter M 2007 Gene-environment interdependence Developmental Science 10 1 12 18 17181693
- Scarr S McCartney K 1983 How people make their own environments: a theory of genotype greater than environment effects Child Development 54 2 424 435 6683622
- Schmahmann JD 2004 Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 16 3 367 378 15377747
- Schmahmann JD 2010 The role of the cerebellum in cognition and emotion: personal reflections since 1982 on the dysmetria of thought hypothesis, and its historical evolution from theory to therapy Neuropsychology Review 20 3 236 260 20821056
- Schmitt J Lenroot R Wallace G Ordaz S Taylor K Kabani N 2007 Identification of genetically mediated cortical networks: a multivariate study of pediatric twins and siblings Cerebral Cortex 18 8 1737 1747 18234689 PMC2790393
- Shanks MF Rockel AJ Powel TPS 1975 The commissural fiber connections of the primary somatic sensory cortex Brain Research 98 166 171 809118
- Shaw P Lerch J Greenstein D Sharp W Clasen L Evans A 2006 Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Archives of General Psychiatry 63 5 540 549 16651511
- Shaw P Lerch JP Pruessner JC Taylor KN Rose AB Greenstein D 2007 Cortical morphology in children and adolescents with different apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms: an observational study Lancet Neurology 6 6 494 500 17509484
- Stead JD Neal C Meng F Wang Y Evans S Vazquez DM 2006 Transcriptional profiling of the developing rat brain reveals that the most dramatic regional differentiation in gene expression occurs postpartum The Journal of Neuroscience 26 1 345 353 16399705 PMC6674315
- Sun T Patoine C Abu-Khalil A Visvader J Sum E Cherry TJ 2005 Early asymmetry of gene transcription in embryonic human left and right cerebral cortex Science 308 5729 1794 1798 15894532 PMC2756725
- Thompson PM Cannon TD Narr KL van Erp T Poutanen VP Huttunen M 2001 Genetic influences on brain structure Nature Neuroscience 4 12 1253 1258 11694885
- Tiemeier H Lenroot RK Greenstein DK Tran L Pierson R Giedd JN 2009 Cerebellum development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal morphometric MRI study Neuroimage PMC2775156 19683586
- Tramo MJ Loftus WC Stukel TA Green RL Weaver JB Gazzaniga MS 1998 Brain size, head size, and intelligence quotient in monozygotic twins Neurology 50 5 1246 1252 9595970
- Tunbridge EM Weickert CS Kleinman JE Herman MM Chen J Kolachana BS 2007 Catechol-o-methyltransferase enzyme activity and protein expression in human prefrontal cortex across the postnatal lifespan Cerebral Cortex 17 5 1206 1212 16835293
- Wallace G Eric Schmitt J Lenroot R Viding E Ordaz S Rosenthal M 2006 A pediatric twin study of brain morphometry Journal of child psychology and psychiatry 47 10 987 993 17073977
- Wallace GL Lee NR Prom-Wormley EC Medland SE Lenroot RK Clasen LS 2010 A bivariate twin study of regional brain volumes and verbal and nonverbal intellectual skills during childhood and adolescence Behavior Genetics 40 2 125 134 20112131 PMC2996830
- Webster MJ Herman MM Kleinman JE Shannon Weickert C 2006 BDNF and trkB mRNA expression in the hippocampus and temporal cortex during the human lifespan Gene Expression Patterns 6 8 941 951 16713371
- White T Andreasen N Nopoulos P 2002 Brain volumes and surface morphology in monozygotic twins Cerebral Cortex 12 5 486 11950766
- Whitford TJ Rennie CJ Grieve SM Clark CR Gordon E Williams LM 2006 Brain maturation in adolescence: concurrent changes in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology Human Brain Mapping PMC6871488 16767769
- Wright S 1968 Evolution and the genetics of populations. I Genetic and biometric foundations Chicago University of Chicago Press
- Wright IC Sham P Murray RM Weinberger DR Bullmore ET 2002 Genetic contributions to regional variability in human brain structure: methods and preliminary results Neuroimage 17 1 256 271 12482082
- Zaidel D Sperry RW 1974 Memory impairment after commissurotomy in man Brain 97 263 272 4434177
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pfefferbaum, A., Rohlfing, T., Rosenbloom, M. J., Chu, W., Colrain, I. M., & Sullivan, E. V. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.008 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Puberty and adolescent sexuality
Fortenberry, J. D. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.03.007 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Rubia, K., Lim, L., Ecker, C., Halari, R., Giampietro, V., Simmons, A., Brammer, M., & Smith, A. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.078 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Sleep disturbances in adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and framework for future research
Lunsford-Avery, J. R., Krystal, A. D., & Kollins, S. H. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.004 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Richmond, S., Johnson, K. A., Seal, M. L., Allen, N. B., & Whittle, S. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.024 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Nutritional quality of diet and academic performance in Chilean students
Correa-Burrows, P., Burrows, R., Blanco, E., Reyes, M., & Gahagan, S. (2016) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.15.161315 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Baker, F. C., Willoughby, A. R., Massimiliano, D. Z., Franzen, P. L., Prouty, D., Javitz, H., Hasler, B., Clark, D. B., & Colrain, I. M. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5978 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cortical thickness change in autism during early childhood: CT in Early Childhood ASD
Smith, E., Thurm, A., Greenstein, D., Farmer, C., Swedo, S., Giedd, J., & Raznahan, A. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23195 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain structure, working memory and response inhibition in childhood leukemia survivors
van der Plas, E., Schachar, R. J., Hitzler, J., Crosbie, J., Guger, S. L., Spiegler, B. J., Ito, S., & Nieman, B. J. (2017) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.621 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Children with ALL require treatment at a time when the brain is undergoing major developmental changes (Dean et al., 2014; Giedd et al., 2010; O’Muircheartaigh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDevelopment of the Cell Population in the Brain White Matter of Young Children
Sigaard, R. K., Kjær, M., & Pakkenberg, B. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu178 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Mingtian, Z., Shuqiao, Y., Xiongzhao, Z., Jinyao, Y., Xueling, Z., Xiang, W., Yingzi, L., Jian, L., & Wei, W. (2012) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.06.003 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Relationship between Nutrition in Infancy and Cognitive Performance during Adolescence
Nyaradi, A., Oddy, W. H., Hickling, S., Li, J., & Foster, J. K. (2015) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2015.00002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Macrì, S., Ceci, C., Canese, R., & Laviola, G. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041821 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Giedd, J. N., Stockman, M., Weddle, C., Liverpool, M., Alexander-Bloch, A., Wallace, G. L., Lee, N. R., Lalonde, F., & Lenroot, R. K.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Giedd, Jay N.
- Venue
- Neuropsychology Review
- Published
- 2010-11-11
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 349-361
- ISSN
- 1040-7308 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6660
- PMC
- PMC3268519
- OpenAlex
- W1993706706
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 0.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Neuropsychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 MH999999)
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- brain development, genetic variation, gray matter, cortical maturation, brain morphometry, genetic polymorphism, twin studies, longitudinal neuroimaging, children and adolescents, brain connectivity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Brain, Brain Mapping, Child, Child Development, Environment, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Biological, Neuronal Plasticity, Genetic Variation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
