Cited by 185Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Measuring the Immeasurables: Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI) Scale Based on Buddhist Teachings on Loving Kindness, Compassion, Joy, and Equanimity

Kraus, Sue, Sears, Sharon·2009·Social Indicators Research

DOI 10.1007/s11205-008-9300-1

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Method
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Zeng, X., Sun, Y., Deng, Y., & Oei, T. P. S. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1651886 · Cited by 17
Improving Wellness and Reducing Stress among Incarcerated Men with Mindfulness- Based Stress Reduction Programming
Wolff, N. (2018) · Journal of Yoga and Physiotherapy · doi:10.19080/jyp.2018.05.555665 · Cited by 16
“To measure the experience and skill development of mindfulness, several measures were used, including the perceived stress scale (PSS), a 10-item, self-report measure of stress perception [33]; Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS), a 39-item self-report measure of observing, describing, act with awareness,…”
Method
Compassion-Based Meditation Quality Practice and Its Impact on the Positive Attitudes Toward Others
Navarrete, J., Campos, D., Diego‐Pedro, R., González‐Hernández, E., Herrero, R., Baños, R., & Cebolla, A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01652-2 · Cited by 18
Öz-Duyarlık: Psikolojik Belirtiler ile İlişkisi ve Psikoterapide Kullanımı
Korkmaz, B. (2017) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.336489 · Cited by 21
Applying the Buddhist Four Immeasurables to Mental Health Care: A Critical Review
Cheng, F. K., & Tse, S. S.-K. (2015) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2014.921128 · Cited by 17
“30 F. K. Cheng and S. Tse Psychometric Assessment The Self-Other Four Immeasurables scale was developed for applications in positive psychology, social psychology, and mindfulness (Kraus & Sears, 2009).”
Method
Meditation Depth Questionnaire (MEDEQ) and Meditation Depth Index (MEDI)
Piron, H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_41-1 · Cited by 14
Cultivating Ideal Mentalities in Second-Generation Mindfulness-Based Interventions: A Feature Bringing Challenges but More Contributions
Zhou, J., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., & Zeng, X. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02297-z · Cited by 14
“Of note, several scales on the concepts of the four immeasurables have been developed (e.g., the Self-Other Four Immeasurables Scale; Kraus & Sears, 2009), but they did not emphasize equal prosocial attitudes.”
Heuristics for Mindfulness in Education and Beyond
Powietrzyńska, M. (2015) · Cultural studies of science education · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4240-6_3 · Cited by 13
Epidemiology of compassion: A literature review
Addiss, D. G., Richards, A., Adiabu, S., Horwath, E., Leruth, S., Graham, A. L., & Buesseler, H. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992705 · Cited by 29
Peace of Mind and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Ariyabuddhiphongs, V., & Pratchawittayagorn, A. (2014) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/15736121-12341284 · Cited by 12
“As the available scale operationally defines loving kindness differently (Kraus & Sears, 2009), we operationally defined loving kindness (metta) as the thoughts, words, and acts of kindness towards other people.”
Background
Appreciative Joy Meditation Enhances Acceptance of Unfair Offer in Ultimatum Game
Ng, G. T. T., Lai, D. C. K., Zeng, X., & Oei, T. P. S. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01139-1 · Cited by 13
Validation and Confirmation of the Equanimity Scale-16 in India and its Relationship with Well-Being
Verma, S., & Garg, N. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02318-5 · Cited by 12
“The Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI; Kraus & Sears, 2009) scale attempts to measure 4 immeas-urables (Divine Abodes), namely, kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity on a scale containing eight pairs of adjectives.”
Communicating with Compassion: The Exploratory Factor Analysis and Primary Validation Process of the Compassionate Communication Scale
Salazar, L. R. (2013) · Cited by 11
Depression Prevention by Mutual Empathy Training: Using Virtual Reality as a Tool
Li, Y. J., & Luo, H. (2021) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) · doi:10.1109/vrw52623.2021.00017 · Cited by 11
“We plan to test the hypothesis based on validated measurements in empathy training [4, 8, 17], as well as embedded in-game performance measurements.”
Method
Equanimity: The somatization of a moral sentiment from the eighteenth to late twentieth century
McKay, F. (2019) · Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/jhbs.21990 · Cited by 11
Guilt and Shame: Explaining Associations Between Emotion Socialization and Emerging Adult Well‐Being
O’Leary, J. L., McKee, L. G., & Faro, A. L. (2019) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12394 · Cited by 10
Predictive Validity and Response Shift in the Equanimity Scale-16
Shires, A., Osborne, S., Cayoun, B. A., Williams, E., & Rogers, K. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02257-7 · Cited by 8
“…states,” also translated from the Pali ( brahma viharas ) as “sublime attitudes,” externalized as equa-nimity toward all beings, including friends, enemies, and stran-gers (Anālayo, 2021; Thanissaro, 2004; see also Kraus & Sears, 2009, for a self-report measure of the four immeasurables).”
Exploring the Effects of Variety and Amount of Mindfulness Practices on Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms: Longitudinal Study on a Mental Health–Focused eHealth System for Patients With Breast or Prostate Cancer
Malandrone, F., Urru, S., Berchialla, P., Rossini, P. G., Oliva, F., Bianchi, S., Ottaviano, M., Gonzalez-Martinez, S., Carli, V., Valenza, G., et al. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/57415 · Cited by 9
何不宽以待己?自悯的作用机制及干预
Guomin, J. I. N., Liu, X., & Li, D. (2020) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2020.00824 · Cited by 9
Intercultural mindfulness: artistic meaning-making about students’ intercultural experience at a UK university
Huang, Z. M. (2023) · Language and Intercultural Communication · doi:10.1080/14708477.2022.2162064 · Cited by 11
Long-term practice of intuitive inquiry meditation modulates EEG dynamics during self-schema processing
Gao, J., Leung, H. K., Wu, B. W. Y., Jenny, H. U. N. G., Chang, C., & Sik, H. H. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20075 · Cited by 9
“This illustrates that experienced monks can reach a state of equanimity toward the two stimuli [57] and evenness of mind even under attention-attracting concepts, such as Buddha and the self.”
The Use of Chinese Buddhist Theories in Counselling, Psychotherapy, Psychology, and Mental Health Research: An Integrative Review
Cheng, F. K., & Tse, S. S.-K. (2013) · International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling · doi:10.1007/s10447-013-9202-z · Cited by 10
Appreciative Joy: A Critical Review of Empirical Research
Gu, X., Zeng, X., & Oei, T. P. S. (2023) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-023-00620-y · Cited by 10
Differences between meditators and non-meditators in mindfulness, its components and related qualities
Somaraju, L. H., Bizo, L. A., Temple, E. C., & Cocks, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01530-z · Cited by 10
“Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI; Kraus & Sears, 2009) measures the Four Immeasurables (brahmavihārā, Pali) from Buddhist literature (Kraus & Sears, 2009), being: loving- kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity.”
Background
Real-time Sensing and NeuroFeedback for Practicing Meditation Using simultaneous EEG and Eye Tracking
Pandey, P., Gupta, P., Chaudhary, S., Miyapuram, K. P., & Lomas, D. (2022) · IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP) · doi:10.1109/tensymp54529.2022.9864414 · Cited by 8
Mindfulness and Quality of Life in Cancer Survivors: The Mediating Role of Self-Kindness and Alexithymia
Forti, A. M., Cashwell, C. S., & Henson, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.38.4.05 · Cited by 7
The role of relatedness: Applying a developmental-relational view of compassion in adolescence
Colaianne, B. A., Condon, P., Tumminia, M. J., Galla, B. M., & Roeser, R. W. (2023) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2023.101569 · Cited by 10
Empathy Games for Depression Using Virtual Reality: A Literature Review and A Study Design
Li, Y., Luo, H., & Zhang, C. (2021) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2021.488 · Cited by 6
Mindfulness as a Factor in the Relationship between Insecure Attachment Style, Neurotic Personality and Disordered Eating Behavior
Pidgeon, A. M., & Grainger, A. (2013) · Open Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.4236/ojmp.2013.24b005 · Cited by 6
“The scale has demonstrated good internal consistency and concurrent and discriminate validity [43].”
Background
Contemplative Training and Psychological Stress: an Analysis of First-person Accounts
Gamaiunova, L., Brandt, P.-Y., & Kliegel, M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01661-1 · Cited by 7
Chaos to Capability : Educating Professionals for the 21st Century
Hays, J. (2015) · Unitec Research Bank (Unitec Institute of Technology) · Cited by 6
Quick Self-Compassion: Italian Validation, Network Analysis, Item Response Theory Analysis, and Correlates of the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form
Fuochi, G., Voci, A., & Moè, A. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02516-9 · Cited by 7
“We measured positive and negative emotional reactions toward the self (e.g., “friendly toward myself,” “angry with myself”) with the Self-Other Four Immeasurables Scale (SOFI; Kraus & Sears, 2009).”
Define the concept and review of self-compassion in counseling
이수민, & YANG, N. M. (2016) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.17.5.201610.85 · Cited by 5
Confirmation and Validation of a Chinese version of the Equanimity Scale
Xiao, Q., Xu, Y., & Hu, X. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02505-4 · Cited by 5
“The Self-Other Four Immeasurable scale considers equanimity as a facet of self-compassion and consists of questions designed to assess this characteristic (Kraus & Sears, 2009).”
Overcoming “Sentimental Compassion”: How Buddhists Cope with Compassion Fatigue
Cheng, F. K. (2014) · Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies · Cited by 5
Development and Validation of Ajou Four Immeasurables Scale
Hyeon, P. D., & Gim, W.-S. (2015) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2015.20.4.007 · Cited by 5
3-Doors Compassion Project: Examining the longitudinal effects of a nine-month Tibetan mind-body meditation program
Gawrysiak, M. J., Pohlig, R. T., Chaoul, A., Vaughn, M. G., Rocco, G., Clark, C., Grassetti, S. N., Petrovitch, D., & Wangyal, T. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02292-4 · Cited by 4

Authors: Kraus, S., & Sears, S.
Affiliations: Fort Lewis College (US)
Corresponding author: Kraus, Sue
Venue: Social Indicators Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-08-27
Volume: 92
Issue: 1
Pages: 169-181
ISSN: 0303-8300 (ISSN-L)
1573-0921
DOI: 10.1007/s11205-008-9300-1
OpenAlex: W2011951305
Cited by: 185
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 3.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Social Indicators Research (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: loving-kindness, compassion, joy, equanimity, scale development, Buddhist doctrine, mindfulness, positive psychology, social psychology

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Measuring the Immeasurables: Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Other Four Immeasurables (SOFI) Scale Based on Buddhist Teachings on Loving Kindness, Compassion, Joy, and Equanimity

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