Effects of loving-kindness and compassion meditation on anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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LKCM interventions were effective in producing significant decreases in anxiety, with small to medium effect sizes.
“the recent meta-analysis by Zheng et al. (2023) showed that LKCM interventions were effective in producing significant decreases, with small to medium effect sizes.”
From Long-term effectiveness of the Mindful Self-Compassion programme compared to a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction intervention: a quasi-randomised controlled trial involving regular mindfulness practice for 1 year (2025) · cites this paper as Zheng et al. (2023)
The benefits of LKCM training on depression and anxiety have been reported by Lv et al. (2024) and Zheng et al. (2023), respectively.
“In a similar vein, the benefits of LKCM training on depression and anxiety have been reported by Lv et al. (2024) and Zheng et al. (2023), respectively.”
From Long-term effectiveness of the Mindful Self-Compassion programme compared to a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction intervention: a quasi-randomised controlled trial involving regular mindfulness practice for 1 year (2025) · cites this paper as Zheng et al. (2023)
Kindness-based meditation has a moderate effect in reducing depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress, and increases compassion, self-compassion, and positive emotions of practitioners, compared to no intervention.
“4 meta-analyses of 22, 21, 19, and 10 randomised controlled trials show that in comparison to no intervention, kindness-based meditation has a moderate effect in reducing depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress, and increases compassion and self-compassion, and positive emotions of kindness-practitioners 22 – 25 .”
From Kindness as a public health action (2025) · cites this paper as [24]
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Complementary teaching practices: Ignatian pedagogy and Buddhist‐inspired compassion meditation
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Müller-Engelmann, M., Schreiber, C., Kümmerle, S., Heidenreich, T., Stangier, U., & Steil, R. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1068-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Petrovic, J., Mettler, J., Cho, S., & Heath, N. L. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102433 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Mindfulness: A Longitudinal Study of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program
Davis, K. M., Wojcik, C. M., Baillie, A. J., Foley, E., Goddard, T., Lau, M. A., & Haigh, E. A. P. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02359-w · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…specifically looking at the effects of LKM on anxiety did investigate the possible moderating role of mindfulness—there appeared to be an incremental benefit of combining LKM with mindfulness meditation, with such trials evidencing (on average) larger effect sizes (Zheng et al., 2023).”
Crego, A., Yela, J. R., Gómez-Martínez, M. Á., Sánchez-Zaballos, E., & Vicente-Arruebarrena, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1597264 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fostering Resilience and Well-Being
Singha, R. (2024) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8125-0.ch006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bashir, K., Edstrom, S. B., Barlow, S. J., Gainer, D. M., & Lewis, J. D. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70372 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The mind’s abyss: Exploring the adverse effects of distinct forms of meditation
Szaszkó, B., & Tran, U. S. (2025) · Academia Mental Health and Well-Being · doi:10.20935/mhealthwellb7666 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zheng, Y., Cui, X., Zhang, Y., Gu, X., Wang, Y., Zhou, L., & Zeng, X. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02492-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Consistent with this trend, there has been a surge in research on the four immeasurables stemming from Buddhist ethics, utilizing loving-kindness and compassion meditations (LKCM) to cultivate these immeasurables (Zheng et al., 2023).”
Shub, S., la Torre, G. G. D., Rodríguez-Mora, Á., & Navas, J. M. M. (2024) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2024.2354920 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“As for the rest of the CS in the found models, previous studies also found that hope, gratitude (Padilla ‐ Walker et al., 2020), zest (Karris Bachik et al., 2021), and love (Zheng et al., 2023) predicted lower levels of anxiety in young people.”
Associations between psychedelic-related and meditation-related variables: A longitudinal study
Simonsson, O., Chaturvedi, S., Hendricks, P. S., Stenfors, C. U. D., Osika, W., Narayanan, J., Palitsky, R., & Goldberg, S. B. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.025 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kindness as a public health action
Nguyen, T.-L., & Lee, J.-Y. (2025) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-025-00861-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mindful Self-Compassion for Infertility-Related Distress: A Single-Group Intervention Study
Halleran, M., Balsom, A. A., & Gordon, J. L. (2026) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1177/27683605261427699 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“45,48,49 52 Relevant to this sample of women, self-compassion has been shown to have important psychological bene fi ts in the perinatal period as well.”
Compassion Meditation for Distressed Older Veterans: A Feasibility Study
Malaktaris, A. L., McLean, C. L., Casmar, P. V., Kangas, J. L., Myers, H. C., Chu, G. M., Phillips, R. C., Maglione, J. E., Palmer, B. W., & Lang, A. J. (2024) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2024.2322056 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Meta-analytic reviews of research in civilian samples suggests that compassion meditation confers benefits such as fostering well-being and functioning for persons with anxiety, depression, and other psychological distress (Kirby et al., 2017; Zheng et al., 2023).”
Monteiro, B., Galhardo, A., Senra, H., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Cunha, M. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3440 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zheng, Y., Zhou, J., Gu, X., Zhou, L., Li, R., Li, X., & Zeng, X. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02653-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In the LKCM literature, there are many more intervention studies than one-time laboratory studies (Lv et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2023).”
Mindfulness and meditation: Promoting emotional and cognitive health
Sirimanne, N., Dahiya, N., Papazian, G., Nazeer, N., Tasmiya, & Elemam, B. (2025) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.08.015 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bernabé, J. R. Y., Buz, J., Crego, A., Gregoris, L., & Alonso, M. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46387-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
VandenBos, S. V., Pokorny, J. J., Skwara, A. C., Diaw, S., King, B. G., Zanesco, A. P., Majied, K., Saron, C. D., & Conklin, Q. A. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02556-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…to enhance well-being and resilience (Pandya, 2022; Singh & Modi, 2022), to alleviate anxiety and symptoms of depression (Reangsing et al., 2021; Zheng et al., 2023), and to reduce loneliness while increasing social interaction and feelings of connection (Hutcherson et al., 2008; Lindsay et…”
Cultivating kindness: a relational approach to well-being in agricultural and applied economics
Gruber, N. (2025) · Q Open · doi:10.1093/qopen/qoaf034 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Meditation in der Psychotherapie
Heidenreich, T., Graser, J., Nguyen, M. H., & Michalak, J. (2024) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-024-00724-7
Beyond surviving: the power of human connection and activities in dealing with COVID-19 lockdown
Monteiro, B., Galhardo, A. B., Cunha, M. I. V. A., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07267-9
“An extensive body of literature (Creswell, 2017; Guen-delman et al., 2017 ; Michl et al., 2013; Van Vugt, 2015 ; Zheng et al., 2023 ) has supported the relationship between psychopathological symptoms and emotion regulation pro - cesses such as mindfulness, compassion and rumination.”
ReNeuWell mental well-being app: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Egan, L. A., & Gatt, J. M. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094557
Programa de meditação e bem-estar
Alvarenga, A. M. (2025) · doi:10.7476/9788574556154.0004
Haberlin, S., Boote, D. N., & Bradshaw, T. (2025) · International journal of doctoral studies · doi:10.28945/5597
The Design of an Online Meditation Learning and Sharing Platform
Mao, W. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems (ICHMS) · doi:10.1109/ichms65439.2025.11154269
“Studies have shown that mindfulness meditation has significant effects in reducing stress, improving concentration, enhancing emotional management, improving sleep quality [1], and promoting overall mental health.”
Howell, A. N., & Darnbush, A. (2025) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2025.2566303
“…(Carson et al., 2005, 2007), increased positive emotions and empathy (Fredrick-son et al., 2017; He et al., 2015; Leppma & Young, 2016), and brief-to long-term reductions in depression, anxiety, and/or stress (Hofmann et al., 2015; Totzeck et al., 2020; Weibel et al., 2017; Zheng et al., 2023).”
Palacios, A., Martínez‐Gregorio, S., Andreu, C. I., Colombo, D., Cebolla, A., Baños, R., & Wrzesien, M. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100657
Online Interactive Meditation Training Enhances Subjective Well-being in Older Adults
Chang, X., Gong, X., Xu, X., & Zeng, X. (2026) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-026-01012-8
“Research has demonstrated that LKCM is effective in enhancing individuals’ well-being and health (Gu et al., 2022; Hofmann et al., 2011; Lv et al., 2024; Reilly & Stuyvenberg, 2023; Shonin et al., 2015; Zheng et al., 2023; Zhou et al., 2023).”
Kury, M., Fredrickson, B. L., Cappellen, P. V., & Don, B. P. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02803-z
“…such as improved symptoms of depression and anxiety, but also in increasing positive emotions and decreasing negative emotions (Fredrickson et al., 2017; Goldberg et al., 2022; Goyal et al., 2014; Lv et al. 2024; Lindsay et al., 2018; Reangsing et al., 2021; Zeng et al., 2015; Zheng et al., 2023).”
Tang, Q., Zheng, Y., Song, J., Zeng, X., & Lv, X. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02916-5
“The detailed operation and effects of the MDM gradually changed with increasing practice, similar to many other forms of meditation (e.g., lovingkindness and compassion medita-tions; Zheng et al., 2023).”
A controlled trial of contemplative-based climate resilience training in university studentsPreprint
Goldin, P. R., Eisen, A. M., Frazier, A. J., Fromer, E., Kho, L., Grialou, J., Hill, D., Chase, N., Castillo, L., Wong, C., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10122692/v1
- Authors
- Zheng, Y., Yan, L., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Sun, W., Lv, J., Zhou, J., Gu, X., Zhao, X., Luo, W., Chen, Y., Lang, Y., Wang, Z., Gao, C., Jiang, Y., Li, R., Deng, Y., & Zeng, X.
- Affiliations
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- Fudan University (CN)
- Capital Normal University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zeng, Xianglong
- ORCID
- Venue
- Mindfulness
- Published
- 2023-04-12
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1021-1037
- ISSN
- 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
- 1868-8535
- OpenAlex
- W4365139780
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 100
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 8
- FWCI
- 1.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (32200896)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- loving-kindness meditation, compassion meditation, anxiety, mindfulness meditation, self-compassion, meditation intervention, anxiety disorders, waitlist control, active control
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