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Mitochondrial bioenergetics dysfunction in T2DM: linking oxidative stress to insulin resistance

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IL-8 (CXCL8) Correlations with Psychoneuroimmunological Processes and Neuropsychiatric Conditions

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ACE2, Circumventricular Organs and the Hypothalamus, and COVID-19

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The amplification of CNS damage in Alzheimer's disease due to SARS-CoV2 infection

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COVID ‐19 Induces Neuroinflammation and Suppresses Peroxisomes in the Brain

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Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID

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Post-COVID-19 Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: The Exosomal Cargo Hypothesis

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COVID ‐19 and neurodegeneration: The mitochondrial connection

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Persistently Elevated Plasma Concentrations of RIPK3, MLKL, HMGB1, and RIPK1 in Patients with COVID-19 in the Intensive Care Unit

Ruskowski, K., Neb, H., Talbot, S. R., Choorapoikayil, S., Adam, E., von Knethen, A., Zacharowski, K. D., & Heinicke, U. (2022) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2022-0039le · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Histologic, viral, and molecular correlates of heart disease in fatal COVID-19

Mezache, L., Nuovo, G. J., Suster, D. I., Tili, E., Awad, H., Radwański, P., & Veeraraghavan, R. (2022) · Annals of Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.151983 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

AI-CoV Study: Autoimmune Encephalitis Associated With COVID-19 and Its Vaccines—A Systematic Review

Samim, M. M., Dhar, D., Goyal, S., Dey, T., Parvin, N., Shah, R., Singh, V., Chowdhury, S., Lal, B. M., Varghese, N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2022.18.6.692 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Exploring the immunogenic properties of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins: PAMP:TLR signaling in the mediation of the neuroinflammatory and neurologic sequelae of COVID-19

Frank, M. G., Fleshner, M., & Maier, S. F. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.04.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Mitochondrial DNA in atherosclerosis: Mechanisms, biomarker potential, and therapeutic perspectives

Zhang, R., Jiang, Y., Zhang, G., Zeng, W., Suo, Y., Zhang, F., & Jiang, X. (2025) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114449 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Spike Protein Subunits of SARS-CoV-2 Alter Mitochondrial Metabolism in Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells: Involvement of Factor Xa

Zekri-Nechar, K., Zamorano‐León, J. J., Reche, C., Giner, M., López‐de‐Andrés, A., Jiménez‐García, R., López-Farré, A. J., & Martínez-Martínez, C. H. (2022) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2022/1118195 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Exploring autophagy in treating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-related pathology

Halma, M. T. J., Marik, P. E., & Saleeby, Y. M. (2024) · Endocrine and Metabolic Science · doi:10.1016/j.endmts.2024.100163 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein 1 Causes Aggregation of α-Synuclein via Microglia-Induced Inflammation and Production of Mitochondrial ROS: Potential Therapeutic Applications of Metformin

Chang, M. H., Park, J. H., Lee, H., Choi, J. Y., & Koh, Y. H. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12061223 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

The Potential Role of Hypothalamic Phospholipid Liposomes in the Supportive Therapy of Some Manifestations of Post-COVID-19 Condition: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Brain Fog

Menichetti, F. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12175478 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein interacts with MAO-B and impairs mitochondrial energetics

Pileggi, C. A., Parmar, G., Elkhatib, H., Stewart, C. M., Alecu, I., Côté, M., Bennett, S. A. L., Sandhu, J. K., Čuperlović‐Culf, M., & Harper, M. (2023) · Current Research in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100112 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

A follow-up study on the recovery and reinfection of Omicron COVID-19 patients in Shanghai, China

Lin, M., Cao, K., Xu, F., Wu, X., Shen, Y., Lü, S., Kuang, Z., Ding, H., Yuan, S., Shao, M., et al. (2023) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2023.2261559 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Intrinsic factors behind long‐COVID: II. SARS‐CoV‐2, extracellular vesicles, and neurological disorders

El‐Maradny, Y. A., Rubio‐Casillas, A., Mohamed, K. I., Uversky, V. N., & Redwan, E. M. M. M. (2023) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.30486 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Role of SARS-CoV-2 in Modifying Neurodegenerative Processes in Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review

Morowitz, J. M., Pogson, K., Roque, D., & Church, F. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12050536 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Sex differences in mitochondrial gene expression during viral myocarditis

Florio, D. N. D., Weigel, G. J., Gorelov, D. J., McCabe, E. J., Beetler, D. J., Shapiro, K. A., Bruno, K. A., Chekuri, I., Jain, A., Whelan, E. R., et al. (2024) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-024-00678-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

BTN3A3 inhibits clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression by regulating the ROS/MAPK pathway via interacting with RPS3A

Li, Z., Zhang, M., Chen, S., Dong, W., Zong, R., Wang, Y., & Fan, S. (2023) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110914 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Bell’s palsy or an aggressive infiltrating basaloid carcinoma post-mRNA vaccination for COVID-19? A case report and review of the literature

Kyriakopoulos, A. M., Nigh, G., McCullough, P. A., Olivier, M., & Seneff, S. (2023) · EXCLI journal · doi:10.17179/excli2023-6145 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Oxidative stress and COVID-19-associated neuronal dysfunction: mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Bowen, D., Pathak, S., Nadar, R. M., Parise, R., Ramesh, S., Govindarajulu, M., Moore, A., Ren, J. T., Moore, T. M., & Dhanasekaran, M. (2023) · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica · doi:10.3724/abbs.2023085 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for fibromyalgia-like syndrome in patients with Long-COVID: a pilot randomized clinical trial

Zulbaran‐Rojas, A., Bara, R. O., Lee, M., Bargas-Ochoa, M., Phan, T., Pacheco, M., Flores‐Camargo, A., Kazmi, S. M., Rouzi, M. D., Modi, D., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78651-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

A Systems Neuroscience Approach to Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Post COVID Neurological Syndrome Based on the Systems Neuroscience Test Battery (SNTB) Study Protocol

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Imaging Techniques: Essential Tools for the Study of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Deroubaix, A., & Kramvis, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.794264 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species in Relationships Between Viral Infections and Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia

Ayyubova, G., Bablu, F. E., Rahimli, N., Aghayeva, L., Springer, E. M., Alghenaim, F., & Suzuki, Y. J. (2026) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15010066 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Developing brain under renewed attack: viral infection during pregnancy

Recaioglu, H., & Kolk, S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1119943 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Overlapping conditions in Long COVID at a multisite academic center

Grach, S. L., Dudenkov, D. V., Pollack, B., Fairweather, D., Aakre, C. A., Munipalli, B., Croghan, I. T., Mueller, M. R., Overgaard, J. D., Bruno, K. A., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1482917 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Fullerenol C60(OH)40 Nanoparticles and Ectoine Protect Human Nasal Epithelial Cells Against the Cytokine Storm After Addition of the Full-Length Spike Protein from SARS-CoV-2

Sosnowska, M., Wierzbicki, M., Nasiłowska, B., Bakalová, T., Zglińska, K., Strojny, B., Sawosz, E., & Kutwin, M. (2024) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s482652 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Does COVID-19 related symptomatology indicate a transdiagnostic neuropsychiatric disorder? - Multidisciplinary implications

Ferber, S. G., Shoval, G., Zalsman, G., & Weller, A. (2022) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i8.1004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Extracellular Vesicles: The Invisible Heroes and Villains of COVID‐19 Central Neuropathology

Chang, H., Chen, E., Hu, Y., Wu, L., Deng, L., Ye, S., Mao, X., Zhu, T., Liu, J., & Chen, C. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202305554 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Viral reprogramming of glial metabolism as a driver of neuroinflammation

Rodrigues, T. S., Beltrão, G. S., Girardi, H., & Pinto, A. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1686774 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

In vitro immunogenic profile of recombinant SARS-CoV2 S1-RBD peptide in murine macrophage and microglial cells

Filho, A. J. M. C., Jucá, P. M., Soares, M. V. R., de Oliveira, C. A., de Sousa, R. C., Lós, D. B., Russo, R. C., Yaochite, J. N. U., & Macêdo, D. S. (2023) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/0074-02760220144 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The spectrum of complement pathway activation is integral to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19

MAGRO, C. M. J., & Nuovo, G. J. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac311 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Exploring SARS-CoV-2 impact on blood-brain barrier and its composition: A review

Li, J., Xu, S., & Guo, S. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000046093 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Clinical rationale for dietary lutein supplementation in long COVID and mRNA vaccine injury syndromes

Kyriakopoulos, A. M., Nigh, G., McCullough, P. A., & Seneff, S. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.143517.2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

CMTM7 shapes the chronic inflammatory and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma as an M2 macrophage biomarker

Zhu, Z., Liu, H., Fu, H., Luo, Y., Chen, B., Wu, X., Sun, A., Zhang, F.-X., & Wang, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-75538-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

SARS-CoV-2-induced damage to rat cortical neuronal networks ex vivo is mediated by the pro-inflammatory activation of the cGAS-STING pathway

Martínez-Orellana, P., Manzati, M., Pozzi, D., Xiao, Y., Clemente, A. D., Mearelli, M., Kalebić, C., Perrera, V., Ferrarini, D., Carletti, T., et al. (2025) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-025-01283-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Long-term Damage of Tissues and Organs, the Underestimated Role of Retrotransposons and Stem Cells, a Working Hypothesis

Balzanelli, M. G., Rastmanesh, R., Distratis, P., Lazzaro, R., Inchingolo, F., Prete, R. D., Pham, V. H., Aityan, S. K., Tran, C. T., Nguyen, K. C. D., et al. (2024) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/0118715303283480240227113401 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Fluorescence-Based Imaging Techniques

Khelfi, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60738-7_11 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Metabolic modulation as a therapeutic strategy for post-acute vaccination syndrome (PACVS): A review of pathomechanisms and existing therapeutic components

Halma, M. T. J., & Varón, J. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118864 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Potentials of Pathogen Research Through the Lens of Cyberbiosecurity, or What Threat Actors Can Learn from the Covid-19 Pandemic

Mueller, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26034-6_10 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Protective Effects of Safranal Against Spike Protein-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Inflammation in Peripheral and Central Immune Cells

Girgenti, A., Contente, M. L., Buttacavoli, M., Palumbo, L., Naselli, F., Dallavalle, S., Borgonovo, G., Picone, P., Pinto, A., & Nuzzo, D. (2025) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2025.107629 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Neuroimmune Pharmacology of SARS-CoV-2

Kumar, S., Yelamanchili, S. V., Seth, P., Bidlack, J. M., Pendyala, G., Maggirwar, S. B., & Chang, S. L. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-021-10038-z

Recombinant SARS-CoV2 S1-RBD peptide induces a concentration-dependent activation of macrophages and microglia cell lines in vitroPreprint

Filho, A. C., Jucá, P. M., Soares, M. V. R., de Oliveira, C. A., de Sousa, R. C., Lós, D. B., Russo, R. C., Yaochite, J. N. U., & Macêdo, D. S. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1690154/v1

Possibilities of optimizing therapy in COVID-19 survivors with focal epilepsy

Ponomareva, I. V., Степанова, С. Б., Reneva, S. A., Сорокова, Е. В., Vagina, M. A., Makodzeba, O. A., & Galiullin, T. R. (2023) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2023123031130

NLRP3 inflammasome activation underlies the neuro-oxidative stress associated with Methamphetamine (METH) and SARS-CoV2 induced co-morbidity in human microglia

Machhar, J. S., Abou-Jaoude, E. A., Schwartz, S. A., Aalinkeel, R., & Mahajan, S. D. (2023) · NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1515/nipt-2023-0005

Clinical rationale for dietary lutein supplementation in long COVID and mRNA vaccine injury syndromes

Kyriakopoulos, A. M., Nigh, G., McCullough, P. A., & Seneff, S. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.143517.1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

A case study: ADEM-like lesions as a first clinical event in highly active multiple sclerosisPreprint

Costa, V. G. C., Raposo-Vedovi, J. V., Fernandes, R. A., Salvio, A. L., Duarte, L. A., Pereira, V. C. S. R., da Silva, M. M., Gomes, F. C. A., de Souza, J. M., & Alves‐Leon, S. V. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4244422/v1

Pathogenesis of neuropsychic complications of new coronavirus infection

Klimov, N. A., & Валерьевна, Ш. О. (2023) · Medical academic journal · doi:10.17816/maj624867

Integration and Clinical Applications

Rudroff, T. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89474-9_9

Relation between oxidative stress and antioxidants in COVID-19 patients

Mohammed, R. J., & Obaid, N. H. (2025) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0302030

Effects of Exogenous SARS-CoV-2 S1 Protein and mRNA Vaccines on Mixed Neuronal–Glial Cell Cultures

Markevičius, V., Dirvelytė-Valauskė, E., Neniškytė, U., & Borutaitė, V. (2026) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina62010198

Effectiveness of metabolic modulation in treating post-vaccination syndrome: study protocol for a prospective and randomized controlled trial

Halma, M. T. J., & Varón, J. (2026) · International Journal of Clinical Trials · doi:10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20260046

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit Induces Neuroinflammation Via Microglial Kv1.3 Channel

Lee, H.-Y., Lee, Y., Jo, S., & Choi, S. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2026.100716

Potential Therapy for Long COVID and Post-vaccination Syndrome

Turčić, M., Pavelić, S. K., & Pavelić, K. (2026) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06531-5_41

Circadian immunometabolic states impart a temporal response to SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins in mammalian macrophages

Buel, S. M., Balaraman, J., Jankowski, M. S., Hixson, K. K., Gao, Y. S., Kim, Y., Munoz, N., Kyle, J. E., Lipton, M. S. W., Nicora, C., et al. (2026) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108716

Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Prelude to Neuropathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2

Pliss, A., Kuzmin, A. N., Prasad, P. N., & Mahajan, S. D. (2022) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00675 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Differential Mitochondrial, Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain in Human Lung Microvascular, Coronary Artery Endothelial and Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Kulkovienė, G., Narauskaitė, D., Tunaitytė, A., Volkevičiūtė, A., Balion, Z., Kutakh, O., Gečys, D., Kairytė, M., Uldukytė, M., Stankevıčıus, E., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25063188 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

SARS-CoV-2 Orf6 Triggers MTCH1-Dependent Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Necroptosis in Human NeuronsPreprint

Seth, P., Mehta, A., Chaudhuri, R., Pal, A., Ahmad, T., Faizan, M. I., Akhtar, A., Vrati, S., & Gupta, D. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7291444/v1

The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein interacts with MAO-B and impairs mitochondrial energetics

Pileggi, C. A., Parmar, G., Elkhatib, H., Stewart, C. M., Alecu, I., Côté, M., Bennett, S. A. L., Sandhu, J. K., Čuperlović‐Culf, M., & Harper, M. (2023) · Current Research in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2023.100112 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Microglia Elicits Pro-inflammatory Activation and Apoptotic Cell DeathPreprint

Jeong, G. U., Lyu, J., Kim, K., Chung, Y. C., Yoon, G. Y., Lee, S., Hwang, I., Shin, W.-H., Ko, J., Lee, J., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.04.475015 · Cited by 17 · see citing works