Is my hand connected to my body? The impact of body continuity and arm alignment on the virtual hand illusion
Open accessAbstract
When a rubber hand is placed on a table top in a plausible position as if part of a person's body, and is stroked synchronously with the person's corresponding hidden real hand, an illusion of ownership over the rubber hand can occur (Botvinick and Cohen 1998). A similar result has been found with respect to a virtual hand portrayed in a virtual environment, a virtual hand illusion (Slater et al. 2008). The conditions under which these illusions occur have been the subject of considerable study. Here we exploited the flexibility of virtual reality to examine four contributory factors: visuo-tactile synchrony while stroking the virtual and the real arms, body continuity, alignment between the real and virtual arms, and the distance between them. We carried out three experiments on a total of 32 participants where these factors were varied. The results show that the subjective illusion of ownership over the virtual arm and the time to evoke this illusion are highly dependent on synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation and on connectivity of the virtual arm with the rest of the virtual body. The alignment between the real and virtual arms and the distance between these were less important. It was found that proprioceptive drift was not a sensitive measure of the illusion, but was only related to the distance between the real and virtual arms.
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The virtual hand illusion persists through radical transformations such as extensive elongation of the arm or change in the virtual hand position with respect to the real one.
“This illusion persists through radical transformations such as extensive elongation of the arm [51] or change in the virtual hand position [52] with respect to the real one.”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [52]
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Embodiment in Whole-Brain Emulation and its Implications for Death Anxiety
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- Authors
- Perez-Marcos, D., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Slater, M.
- Affiliations
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Slater, Mel
- Venue
- Cognitive Neurodynamics
- Published
- 2011-10-27
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 295-305
- ISSN
- 1871-4080 (ISSN-L)
- 1871-4099
- PMC
- PMC4079845
- OpenAlex
- W1971043313
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Neurodynamics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- European Commission (248620)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (227985)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- virtual hand illusion, rubber hand illusion, body ownership, virtual reality, proprioception, proprioceptive drift, body schema, multisensory integration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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