Virtual hand illusion induced by visuomotor correlations
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Our body schema gives the subjective impression of being highly stable. However, a number of easily-evoked illusions illustrate its remarkable malleability. In the rubber-hand illusion, illusory ownership of a rubber-hand is evoked by synchronous visual and tactile stimulation on a visible rubber arm and on the hidden real arm. Ownership is concurrent with a proprioceptive illusion of displacement of the arm position towards the fake arm. We have previously shown that this illusion of ownership plus the proprioceptive displacement also occurs towards a virtual 3D projection of an arm when the appropriate synchronous visuotactile stimulation is provided. Our objective here was to explore whether these illusions (ownership and proprioceptive displacement) can be induced by only synchronous visuomotor stimulation, in the absence of tactile stimulation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To achieve this we used a data-glove that uses sensors transmitting the positions of fingers to a virtually projected hand in the synchronous but not in the asynchronous condition. The illusion of ownership was measured by means of questionnaires. Questions related to ownership gave significantly larger values for the synchronous than for the asynchronous condition. Proprioceptive displacement provided an objective measure of the illusion and had a median value of 3.5 cm difference between the synchronous and asynchronous conditions. In addition, the correlation between the feeling of ownership of the virtual arm and the size of the drift was significant. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that synchrony between visual and proprioceptive information along with motor activity is able to induce an illusion of ownership over a virtual arm. This has implications regarding the brain mechanisms underlying body ownership as well as the use of virtual bodies in therapies and rehabilitation.
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An illusion of the same intensity can be developed over a virtual hand by either synchronous visuotactile or visuomotor correlations.
“An illusion of the same intensity can be also developed over a virtual hand by either synchronous visuotactile [49] or visuomotor [50] correlations.”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [50]
Specific types of synchronous multisensory and sensorimotor stimulation can lead to illusory perceptions of body shape, size, and symmetry even when these are very different from the normal body form.
“It has been shown that specific types of synchronous multisensory and sensorimotor stimulation can lead to illusory perceptions of body shape, size, and symmetry even when these are very different from the normal body form (17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23).”
From Illusory ownership of a virtual child body causes overestimation of object sizes and implicit attitude changes (2013) · cites this paper as [17]
A virtual arm with same length and laterality as the real arm can become part of the body representation when it moves with the same spatiotemporal pattern as the real one.
“Here, we extended the results of the VHI [12], [13] by showing that a virtual arm with same length and laterality as the real arm can become part of the body representation when it moves with the same spatiotemporal pattern as the real one”
From Extending body space in immersive virtual reality: a very long arm illusion (2012) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Sanchez-Vives, M. V., Spanlang, B., Frisoli, A., Bergamasco, M., & Slater, M.
- Affiliations
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (ES)
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Sanchez-Vives, Maria V.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-04-29
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e10381
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2861624
- OpenAlex
- W2057979362
- Cited by
- 441
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 24.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- virtual hand illusion, rubber hand illusion, body ownership, proprioception, proprioceptive drift, body schema, data glove, virtual reality, multisensory integration
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Fingers, Hand, Humans, Male, Optical Illusions, Proprioception, Visual Perception, Touch Perception, Young Adult
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