Measuring the Effects through Time of the Influence of Visuomotor and Visuotactile Synchronous Stimulation on a Virtual Body Ownership Illusion
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Previous studies have examined the experience of owning a virtual surrogate body or body part through specific combinations of cross-modal multisensory stimulation. Both visuomotor (VM) and visuotactile (VT) synchronous stimulation have been shown to be important for inducing a body ownership illusion, each tested separately or both in combination. In this study we compared the relative importance of these two cross-modal correlations, when both are provided in the same immersive virtual reality setup and the same experiment. We systematically manipulated VT and VM contingencies in order to assess their relative role and mutual interaction. Moreover, we present a new method for measuring the induced body ownership illusion through time, by recording reports of breaks in the illusion of ownership (‘breaks’) throughout the experimental phase. The balance of the evidence, from both questionnaires and analysis of the breaks, suggests that while VM synchronous stimulation contributes the greatest to the attainment of the illusion, a disruption of either (through asynchronous stimulation) contributes equally to the probability of a break in the illusion.
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A head-mounted display together with a full body motion capture system can provide visuomotor synchrony, where the virtual body moves in correspondence with real body movements, and this is a powerful method to induce body ownership and agency over the virtual body.
“Moreover a HMD together with a full body motion capture system can be used to provide visuomotor synchrony, where the virtual body moves in correspondence with real body movements15—a powerful method to induce not just body ownership but a strong sense of agency over the virtual body1617.”
From Conversations between self and self as Sigmund Freud—A virtual body ownership paradigm for self counselling (2015) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Kokkinara, E., & Slater, M.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Slater, Mel
- ORCID
- Slater, Mel
- Venue
- Perception
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 43-58
- ISSN
- 0301-0066 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-4233
- OpenAlex
- W2071637791
- Semantic Scholar
- 752c5ebfd60e6e7d76a4d0a2c6ffe2579d8dfdb2
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 34.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Perception (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (submittedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- body ownership illusion, virtual body, multisensory integration, cross-modal correspondence, virtual reality
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Image, Female, Hand, Humans, Illusions, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time, Visual Perception, Touch Perception, Young Adult
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