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Cited by 622Virtual Reality Applications and ImpactsFree Will and AgencyMultisensory perception and integration

Having a body versus moving your body: How agency structures body-ownership

Tsakiris, Manos, Prabhu, Gita, Haggard, Patrick·2006·Consciousness and Cognition
DOI 10.1016/j.concog.2005.09.004
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Abstract

We investigated how motor agency in the voluntary control of body movement influences body awareness. In the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI), synchronous tactile stimulation of a rubber hand and the participant's hand leads to a feeling of the rubber hand being incorporated in the participant's own body. One quantifiable behavioural correlate of the illusion is an induced shift in the perceived location of the participant's hand towards the rubber hand. Previous studies showed that the induced changes in body awareness are local and fragmented: the proprioceptive drift is largely restricted to the stimulated finger. In the present study, we investigated whether active and passive movements, rather than tactile stimulation, would lead to similarly fragmented body awareness. Participants watched a projected image of their hand under three conditions: active finger movement, passive finger movement, and tactile stimulation. Visual feedback was either synchronous or asynchronous with respect to stimulation of the hand. A significant overall RHI, defined as greater drifts following synchronous than asynchronous stimulation, was found in all cases. However, the distribution of the RHI across stimulated and non-stimulated fingers depended on the kind of stimulation. Localised proprioceptive drifts, specific to the stimulated finger, were found for tactile and passive stimulation. Conversely, during active movement of a single digit, the proprioceptive drifts were not localised to that digit, but were spread across the whole hand. Whereas a purely proprioceptive sense of body-ownership is local and fragmented, the motor sense of agency integrates distinct body-parts into a coherent, unified awareness of the body.

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  • This mechanism might trigger an experience of ownership for the 'other' body, without vPMc activation actually underpinning the experience of ownership.

    “This mechanism might trigger an experience of ownership for the”

    From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Tsakiris et al., 2006

  • The authors provided the first direct empirical evidence confirming the intuition that body ownership and agency reflect dissociable components of embodiment.

    “We provided the first direct empirical evidence confirming the intuition that body ownership and agency reflect dissociable components of embodiment (cf.Gallagher, 2000;Synofzik et al., in press;Tsakiris et al., 2006).”

    From What is embodiment? A psychometric approach (2008) · cites this paper as Tsakiris et al., 2006

  • In the rubber hand illusion, participants' perception of the location of their own hand shifts closer to the rubber hand than its actual location.

    “participants’ perception of the location of their own hand shifts to a spatial location closer to the rubber hand than its actual location”

    From The free-energy self: a predictive coding account of self-recognition (2014) · cites this paper as Tsakiris et al., 2006

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Authors
Tsakiris, M., Prabhu, G., & Haggard, P.
Affiliations
  • UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
  • University College London (GB)
ORCID
Venue
Consciousness and Cognition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2006-06
Volume
15
Issue
2
Pages
423-432
ISSN
1053-8100 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.concog.2005.09.004
OpenAlex
W1999608285
Cited by
622
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 22
FWCI
17.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Consciousness and Cognition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Royal Holloway Digital Repository (Royal Holloway University of London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Economic and Social Research Council (PTA-026-27-0889)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
Keywords
body ownership, rubber hand illusion, proprioception, body awareness, tactile stimulation, proprioceptive drift, multisensory integration
MeSH terms
Body Image, Fingers, Hand, Humans, Models, Psychological, Motor Activity, Movement, Touch

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