Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Making sense of it all
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) hypothesis of schizophrenia has evolved over the last decade from the stage of circumstantial evidence related to clinical observations and empirical validation from antipsychotic treatment to finally reach more direct testing and validation from imaging studies. These have provided much information that allows us at this point to assemble all the pieces and attempt to synthesize them and integrate them with the other neurotransmitter alterations observed in this illness. Although clearly not sufficient to explain the complexity of this disorder, the DA dysregulation offers a direct relationship to symptoms and to their treatment. We will review here its history, validation, and implications for treatment.
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DA signaling is heavily implicated in psychiatric disease, and neuroimaging studies in adult patients with schizophrenia, depression, and addiction have noted alterations to dopaminergic receptor expression.
“DA signaling has been heavily implicated in psychiatric disease, and neuroimaging studies in adult patients with schizophrenia, depression, and addiction have noted alterations to dopaminergic receptor expression [128–131].”
From Adolescent nicotine exposure and persistent neurocircuitry changes: unveiling lifelong psychiatric risks (2025) · cites this paper as [129]
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[3H]Nemonapride Binding in Human Caudate and Putamen
Marzella, P. L., & Copolov, D. (1997) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00105-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lahti, R. A., Roberts, R. C., Conley, R. R., et al. (1996) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/0920-9964(96)85547-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Slifstein, M., van de Giessen, E., Van Snellenberg, J., Thompson, J. L., Narendran, R., Gil, R., Hackett, E., Girgis, R., Ojeil, N., Moore, H., et al. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2414 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Self-citationLivingstone, P. D., Srinivasan, J., Kew, J. N. C., Dawson, L. A., Gotti, C., Moretti, M., Shoaib, M., & Wonnacott, S. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06613.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The neural underpinnings of cognitive flexibility and their disruption in psychotic illness
Waltz, J. A. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.005 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Potential programming of dopaminergic circuits by early life stress
Rodrigues, A.-J., Leão, P., Carvalho, M., Almeida, O. F. X., & Sousa, N. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2085-3 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Preclinical Behavioral Models for Predicting Antipsychotic Activity
Castagné, V., Moser, P. C., & Porsolt, R. D. (2009) · Advances in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)57010-4 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Reynolds, L. M., Faure, P., & Barik, J. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03110-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Toda, M., & Abi-Dargham, A.
- Venue
- Current Psychiatry Reports
- Published
- 2007-07-11
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 329-336
- ISSN
- 1523-3812 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-1645
- OpenAlex
- W2044265850
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Psychiatry Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Otsuka America
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, schizophrenia, dopamine dysregulation, antipsychotic drugs, neuroimaging of schizophrenia, neurotransmitter alterations
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Corpus Striatum, Diagnostic Imaging, Dopamine, Humans, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Antipsychotic Agents, Prefrontal Cortex, Receptors, Dopamine D2
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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