Comparative Effects of Mindfulness and Skills-Based Parent Training Programs for Parents of Children with Autism: Feasibility and Preliminary Outcome Data

Ferraioli, Suzannah J.; Harris, Sandra L.

doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0099-0

Cited by 145Family and Disability Support ResearchMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsAutism Spectrum Disorder Research

Comparative Effects of Mindfulness and Skills-Based Parent Training Programs for Parents of Children with Autism: Feasibility and Preliminary Outcome Data

Ferraioli, Suzannah J., Harris, Sandra L.·2013·Mindfulness

DOI 10.1007/s12671-012-0099-0

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The behavioral intervention focused on improving psychological flexibility allows parents to provide internal resources to cope with problematic situations related to their child's diagnosis of autism.
“The behavioral intervention focused on improving psychological flexibility allows parents to provide internal resources to cope with problematic situations related to their child’s diagnosis of autism [45,53].”
From The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy for improving psychological well‐being in parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
Ferraioli and Harris (2013) compared a parent-focused intervention, Mindfulness-Based Parent Training (MBPT), and traditional child-focused training, SkillsBased Parent Training.
“Ferraioli and Harris (2013) compared differences between a parent-focused intervention, Mindfulness-Based Parent Training (MBPT), and traditional child-focused training, SkillsBased Parent Training.”
From Interventions that target improvements in mental health for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: A narrative review (2017) · cites this paper as Ferraioli and Harris (2013)
Ferraioli and Harris (2013) enrolled 15 participants.
“Ferraioli and Harris (2013) enrolled 15”
From Interventions that target improvements in mental health for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders: A narrative review (2017) · cites this paper as Ferraioli and Harris (2013)
Ferraioli and Harris (2013) found improvements in parents' stress and global health levels following mindfulness-based support.
“In a pilot randomized trial, Ferraioli and Harris (2013) also found improvements in parents' stress and global health levels following mindfulness-based support.”
From A mindfulness parent well-being course: evaluation of outcomes for parents of children with autism and related disabilities recruited through special schools (2018) · cites this paper as Ferraioli and Harris (2013)
The current study is the first evaluation of a mindfulness-based course for parents of children with IDD implemented outside of the USA.
“Although Ferraioli and Harris (2013) did implement a course designed specifically, or adapted, for parents the evaluation of mindfulness-based courses for parents of children with IDD is in its infancy, and the current study is the first of its kind implemented outside of the USA.”
From A mindfulness parent well-being course: evaluation of outcomes for parents of children with autism and related disabilities recruited through special schools (2018) · cites this paper as Ferraioli & Harris, 2013

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Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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“…(3) Waitlist (1) 0–6 m Esch 2017 [133], Germany 32 Adults (1) 27 (7.6) 67% Cog, Mindf Combined breathing/ mindfulness meditation technique (1) No intervention (1) Post–int Ferraioli 2013 [134], US 21 Parents of disabled children (2) NA 67% Dis, Mindf Mindfulness–Based Parent Training…”
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“However, a small number of controlled studies have found mindful parenting groups report greater reductions in parenting stress than control groups, in community and clinical settings (Ferraioli and Harris, 2013; Lo et al., 2017a; Corthorn, 2018).”
Background
Mindfulness, Stress and Well-Being in Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review
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“Ferraioli and Harris (2013) utilised a variety of measures to confirm treatment fidelity including (1)[90 % inclusion of key components, and (2) high session attendance (m = 6.2 meetings, range 3–8).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Child behavior problems and parental well-being in families of children with autism: The mediating role of mindfulness and acceptance
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“, biofeedback, mindfulness), acceptance, and learned problem-solving skill strategies, had a positive effect on parents’ mental health and psychological well-being [46,49,61,70,75,89,92,96,105,108].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
MYmind : Mindfulness training for Youngsters with autism spectrum disorders and their parents
de Bruin, E. I., Blom, R., Smit, F. M., van Steensel, F. J. A., & Bögels, S. M. (2014) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361314553279 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Furthermore, Ferraioli and Harris (2012) carried out a small (n = 15) randomized controlled trial (RCT) in which parents of children with ASD were randomly assigned to either an 8-week mindfulness training or behavior therapy training.”
Method
Mindfulness-Based Program for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Parents: Direct and Long-Term Improvements
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“Such programs were found to reduce parenting stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as to improve sleep, global health, well-being, and lifesatisfaction of these parents (e.g., Dykens et al. 2014; Ferraioli and Harris 2013; Neece 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
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“Parent-focused treatment programs, such as those emphasizing behavioral management strategies, mindfulness, and psychoeducation, might help protect against negative outcomes (Tonge et al. 2006, Ferraioli and Harris 2013, Feinberg et al. 2014).”
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“…2005; Lecavalier et al., 2006; McStay et al., 2013, 2014; Peters-Scheffer et al., 2012; Rodriguez et al., 2019] and may contribute more to parenting stress than core ASD symptoms [Firth & Dryer, 2013; Hastings et al., 2005; McStay et al., 2014; Peters-Scheffer, Didden, Korzilius, & Sturmey, 2011].”
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Cultivating Mind: Mindfulness Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Problem Behaviours, and Their Mothers
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“A variety of Table 1 (continued) Study Child demographics Parent demographics Intervention Ages % with ASD N Role Age 13 fathers Sorfronoff and Farbotko (2002) Behavioral M = 8 years 100 89 45 mothers 44 fathers NR Suzuki et al. (2014) Psychoeducational M = 4.4 years 100 72 72 mothers M = 35.14 Tellegan and Sanders (2…”
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“2015; Ferraioli and Harris 2013; Jones et al.”
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“This is a self‐report questionnaire to identify behavioural problems in children (Goodman, 1997).”
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A mindfulness parent well-being course: evaluation of outcomes for parents of children with autism and related disabilities recruited through special schools
Jones, L., Gold, E., Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., Jones, M., Griffiths, A., & Silverton, S. (2018) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2017.1297571 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“In a pilot randomized trial, Ferraioli and Harris (2013) also found improvements in parents’ stress and global health levels following mindfulness-based support.”
BackgroundResult
The Effects of Parent Training Programs on the Quality of Life and Stress Levels of Parents Raising a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review of the Literature
Lichtlé, J., Downes, N., Engelberg, A., & Cappe, É. (2019) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-019-00190-x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Other research designs among the included studies consisted a randomized trial with an untreated control group (Dykens et al. 2014; Ferraioli and Harris 2013), a mixed methods design with no comparison group (Dababnah and Parish 2016a, 2016b), an iterative pretest–posttest control group design…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Mindfulness and parenting distress among parents of children with disabilities: A literature review
Rayan, A., & Ahmad, M. (2018) · Perspectives in Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12217 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Interventions to Improve Outcomes for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis
MacKenzie, K. T., & Eack, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05164-9 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a web-based acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for wellbeing of parents whose children have chronic conditions: a randomized controlled trial.
Sairanen, E., Lappalainen, R., Lappalainen, P., Kaipainen, K., Carlstedt, F., Anclair, M., & Hiltunen, A. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.07.004 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Group Virtual Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Parents of Autistic Adolescents and Adults
Lunsky, Y., Albaum, C. S., Baskin, A., Hastings, R. P., Hutton, S., Steel, L., Wang, W., & Weiss, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04835-3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Parental maltreatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: A developmental-ecological analysis
Chan, K. K. S., & Lam, C. B. (2016) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2016.09.006 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Role of Mindful Parenting, Affiliate Stigma, and Parents’ Well-being in the Behavioral Adjustment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Testing Parenting Stress as a Mediator
Cheung, R. Y. M., Leung, S. S. W., & Mak, W. W. S. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01208-5 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Parent focused interventions for older children or adults with ASD and parent wellbeing outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Rutherford, M., Singh-Roy, A., Rush, R., McCartney, D. L., O'Hare, A. E., & Forsyth, K. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101450 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Resilience Intervention for Parents of Children with Autism: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial of the AMOR Method
Schwartzman, J. M., Millan, M. E., Uljarevic, M., & Gengoux, G. W. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04977-y · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy for improving psychological well‐being in parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial
Marino, F., Failla, C., Chilà, P., Minutoli, R., Puglisi, A., Arnao, A. A., Pignolo, L., Presti, G., Pergolizzi, F., Moderato, P., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11070880 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The behavioral intervention focused on improving psychological flexibility allows parents to provide internal resources to cope with problematic situations related to their child’s diagnosis of autism [45,53].”
Background
Theoretically-Based Emotion Regulation Strategies Using a Mobile App and Wearable Sensor Among Homeless Adolescent Mothers: Acceptability and Feasibility Study
Leonard, N. R., Casarjian, B., Fletcher, R., Prata, C., Sherpa, D., Kelemen, A., Rajan, S., Salaam, R., Cleland, C. M., & Gwadz, M. V. (2018) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/pediatrics.9037 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Moreover, strategies to increase mindfulness in parenting have been found to increase parents’ emotional awareness and self-regulation in parent-child interactions; reduce automatic, negative reactions toward children; and increase parental sensitivity [38,39] Receiving physiological feedback about emotional states ca…”
Background
Posttraumatic Growth Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in China and Its Relationship to Family Function and Mental Resilience: A Cross-Sectional Study
Qin, X., Feng, Y., Qu, F., Luo, Y., Chen, B., Chen, M., Zou, Y., & Zhang, L. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2020.10.026 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Effectiveness of parent-focused interventions for improving the mental health of parents and their children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Li, S. N., Chien, W. T., Lam, S. K. K., Chen, Z. Y., & Ma, X. (2024) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102389 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Parental Stress Related to Caring for a Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Benefit of Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Parental Stress: A Systematic Review
Yesilkaya, M., & Magallón-Neri, E. M. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241235033 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Comparisons between the two groups revealed significant differences in change scores on the parental stress index-short form (PSI-SF) at T2 (change at T2), with the mindfulness group reporting greater change ( t (13) = 2.99, p = .011, d = 1.59 (Ferraioli & Harris, 2013).”
Influential
A Mindfulness-Based Program Improves Health in Caregivers of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Pilot Study
Ruiz‐Robledillo, N., Sariñana‐González, P., Pérez‐Blasco, J., González‐Bono, E., & Moya‐Albiol, L. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0316-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Family adaptation among parents of children on the autism spectrum without a comorbid intellectual disability: A test of the Double ABCX model
Meleady, J., Nearchou, F., Bramham, J., & Carr, A. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101637 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
ENabling VISions and Growing Expectations (ENVISAGE): Parent reviewers’ perspectives of a co-designed program to support parents raising a child with an early-onset neurodevelopmental disability
Miller, L., Nickson, G., Pozniak, K., Khan, D., Imms, C., Ziviani, J. M., Cross, A., Martens, R., Cavalieros, V., & Rosenbaum, P. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104150 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Feasibility of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Intervention for Parents of Children with Developmental Delays
Roberts, L. R., & Neece, C. L. (2015) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2015.1017063 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…of interventions may be particularly beneficial for parents of children with developmental delays (DD), where levels of parenting stress are especially high (Baker et al., 2003; Emerson, 2003; Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Hauser-Cram, Warfield, Shonkoff, & Krauss, 2001; Neece, Green, & Baker, 2012).”
Background
Mindfulness Therapies for Improving Mental Health in Parents of Children with a Developmental Disability: a Systematic Review
Osborn, R., Dorstyn, D., Roberts, L., & Kneebone, I. (2021) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-020-09753-x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“In saying this, six of the examined studies did not find an effect in one or more of the domains examined (i.e. depression, anxiety, stress; Behbahani et al. 2018; Chan and Neece 2018; Ferraioli and Harris 2013; Lo et al. 2017, Lo et al. 2020, Mak et al. 2018; Whittingham et al. 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of Caregiver-Focused Programs on Psychosocial Outcomes in Caregivers of Individuals with ASD: A Meta-analysis
Yu, Y., McGrew, J. H., & Boloor, J. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04181-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Comparative effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction and psychoeducational support on parenting stress in families of autistic preschoolers
Neece, C. L., Fenning, R. M., Morrell, H. E., & Benjamin, L. R. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231191558 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Recently, parent stress-reduction interventions have drawn on mindfulness-based approaches to improve parental well-being in families of autistic children (for reviews, see Cachia et al., 2016; Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Hartley et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluential
Development of a Mindfulness-Based Coping with Stress Group for Parents of Adolescents and Adults with Developmental Disabilities
Lunsky, Y., Robinson, S., Reid, M., & Palucka, A. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0404-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…et al. 2010), parents of youth with behavioral problems (Bögels et al. 2008; Bögels et al. 2014), and, more recently, caregivers of children with IDD (Benn et al. 2012; Blackledge and Hayes 2006; Dykens et al. 2014; Ferraioli and Harris 2013; Neece 2014; Singh et al. 2006, 2007, 2010, 2014).”
Influential
New ways of seeing and being: Evaluating an acceptance and mindfulness group for parents of young people with intellectual disabilities who display challenging behaviour
Reid, C., Gill, F., Gore, N., & Brady, S. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1744629515584868 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…of a significant reduction on quantitative stress measures following acceptance and mindfulness-based interventions for family carers (Benn et al., 2012; Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Minor et al., 2008; Neece, 2014) and an increase in mindfulness and life satisfaction (Benn et al., 2012; Neece, 2014).”
Background
Applying the Mindful Parenting Program Among Chinese Parents of Children with ADHD: A Randomized Control Trial
Liu, P., Qiu, S., Lo, H. H. M., Song, X., & Qian, Q. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01616-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effects of a Web-Based Parent–Child Physical Activity Program on Mental Health in Parents of Children with ASD
Zhao, M., You, Y., Chen, S., Li, L., Du, X., & Wang, Y. T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182412913 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Some researchers have begun to focus on the psychological health of parents of children with ASD over the past decade, and evidence has shown that some interventions have a certain effect on improving mental health, such as cognitive behavioral therapy [22,23], expressive writing [24], mindfulness training [25], and r…”
Background
Mental health, broad autism phenotype and psychological inflexibility in mothers of young children with autism spectrum disorder in Australia: A cross-sectional survey
Kulasinghe, K., Whittingham, K., & Mitchell, A. E. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320984625 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…flexibility includes mindfulness, these results also point towards the potential usefulness of mindfulnessbased interventions, which have previously been shown to improve the mental health of mothers of children with ASD (Dykens et al., 2014; Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Hastings & Manikam, 2013).”
Result
Enhancing Parental Well-being: Initial Efficacy of a 21-Day Online Self-help Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Parents
Cheung, R. Y. M., Chan, S. K. C., Chui, H. T., Chan, W. M., & Ngai, S. Y. S. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01998-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Psychological Distress in Jordanian Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role of Trait Mindfulness
Rayan, A., & Ahmad, M. M. (2016) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12187 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Relationship between Child Stress, Child Mindfulness and Parent Mindfulness
Waters, L. E. (2016) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2016.71006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…focused on treatment settings with children who have externalizing disorders such as ADHD, oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and/or autism-spectrum disorder (Bögels et al., 2008; de Bruin, 2014; Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Lilly & Tungol, 2015; Singh et al., 2006, 2007, 2010, 2014)1.”
Background
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Self Compassion (SC) Training for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Trial in Community Services in Spain
Rojas-Torres, L. P., Alonso-Esteban, Y., López-Ramón, M. F., & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8050316 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In particular, these programs offer benefits for stress and anxiety coping abilities in parents of children with ASD [28,36,37,48].”
Background
Stress and Anxiety Among Parents of Transition-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review of Interventions and Scales
Agarwal, R., Wuyke, G. M., Sharma, U., Burke, S. L., Howard, M. M., Li, T., Sánchez, M., & Bastida, E. (2022) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-022-00340-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Acceptability and feasibility of the World Health Organization's Caregiver Skills Training Programme (WHO CST) delivered via eLearning, videoconferencing, and in-person hybrid modalities in Hong Kong
Lau, J. S., Lai, S., Ip, F. T.-S., Wong, P. W. C., WHO CST Team, Servili, C., Salomone, E., Pacione, L. R., Shire, S. Y., & Brown, F. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.915263 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“One of the 2 main 2 (22) 5 (56) 0 (0) 1 (11) 8 (23)”
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Parents: A Systematic Review of Target Groups, Effects, and Intervention Features
Caetano, B., Chorão, A. L., Alves, S., Canavarro, M. C., & Pires, R. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02451-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“In the intervention group, the dropout rate ranged from 0% (Behbahani et al., 2018; Perez-Blasco et al., 2013) to 40% (Ferraioli & Harris, 2013), while in the control group, it ranged from 0% (Burgdorf et al., 2022) to 38.5% (Perez-Blasco et al., 2013).”
Influential
Using the Double ABCX Model to Integrate Services for Families of Children with ASD
Pickard, K. E., & Ingersoll, B. R. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0605-4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Examining the Effectiveness of WhatsApp-Based Spiritual Posts on Mitigating Stress and Building Resilience, Maternal Confidence and Self-efficacy Among Mothers of Children with ASD
Pandya, S. P. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04633-x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A systematic review of the effectiveness and efficacy of clinician-led psychological interventions for parents of children with ASD
Merriman, K., Burke, T., & O’Reilly, G. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101584 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Parental Reflective Capacities: A Scoping Review of Mindful Parenting and Parental Reflective Functioning
Huynh, T., Kerr, M. L., Kim, C. N., Fourianalistyawati, E., Chang, V. Y., & Duncan, L. G. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02379-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Effects of written disclosure on psychophysiological stress among parents of children with autism: A randomized controlled pilot study
Paz, N. S. D., Wallander, J. L., & Tiemensma, J. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.05.007 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Interventions such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (Dykens et al., 2014; Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Neece, 2014), relaxation therapy (Gika et al., 2012), and cognitive behavioral therapy (Feinberg et al., 2014; Lunsky et al., 2017) have shown promise in the attenuation of psychological…”
Background
Mindful Parent Training for Parents of Children Aged 3–12 Years with Behavioral Problems: a Scoping Review
Donovan, M. O., Pickard, J. A., Herbert, J. S., & Barkus, E. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01799-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…flexibility, selfcompassion, and mindfulness have been implicated by some studies and not by others in mediating improvements in adaptive parenting or child behavior or both (Brassell et al., 2016; Cheron et al., 2009; Emerson et al., 2019; Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Gardner et al., 2010).”
Background
Stress management interventions among socioeconomically disadvantaged parents: A meta-analysis and moderation analysis
Ling, J., Zahry, N. R., & Liu, C.-C. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103954 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Stress Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in China
Wang, H., Wang, Q.-D., Hu, X.-Y., & Han, Z. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05011-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Cognitive-Based Interventions for Improving Psychological Health and Well-Being for Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Li, S., Yong, Y., Li, Y., Li, J., & Jiao, X. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06063-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“All of the studies were two-arm RCTs with a parallel control design, and the most of studies were pilot RCTs (36%, n = 9) (Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Hahs et al., 2019; Ho et al., 2021; Kuhlthau et al., 2020; Lobato et al., 2023; Marino et al., 2021; Neece, 2014; Schwartzman et al., 2022; Valero et…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Mindfulness-Based Group for Teens with Developmental Disabilities and Their Parents: a Pilot Study
Heifetz, M., & Dyson, A. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0616-7
Mindfulness-enhanced parenting programmes for improving the psychosocial outcomes of children (0 to 18 years) and their parents
Featherston, R., Barlow, J., Song, Y., Haysom, Z., Loy, B., Tufford, L., & Shlonsky, A. (2024) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012445.pub2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Participation, supports, and barriers of Korean children and youth with and without disabilities in the school environment
Jeong, Y. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1567836 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Changes in Parent Psychological Flexibility after a One-Time Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Parents of Adolescents with Persistent Pain Conditions
Ruskin, D., Campbell, L., Stinson, J., & Ahola Kohut, S. (2018) · Children · doi:10.3390/children5090121 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based approaches for Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their Caregivers: Do these Approaches Hold Benefits for Teachers?
Keenan-Mount, R., Albrecht, N., & Waters, L. (2016) · The Australian journal of teacher education · doi:10.14221/ajte.2016v41n6.5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…the inclusion of control groups in some studies was a strength and enabled the authors to demonstrate the specific benefits that mindfulness training has for supporting parents who have children with ASD in particular (Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Lilly & Tungol, 2015; Ruiz-Robledillo et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResult
Efficacy and Implementation of Stress-Reduction Interventions for Underserved Families of Autistic Preschoolers Across In-Person and Virtual Modalities
Fenning, R. M., Neece, C. L., Sanner, C. M., & Morrell, H. E. R. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02250-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…Therapy (MBCT; Segal et al., 2002) and Mindful Parenting (Bögels & Restifo, 2014), have demonstrated efficacy for reducing parenting stress (Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Jones et al., 2018), enhancing stress reappraisal (Rayan & Ahmad, 2016), and improving mental health in parents of autistic…”
Mindfulness-based wellbeing for socio-economically disadvantaged parents: a pre-post pilot study
Eames, C., Crane, R. S., Gold, E., & Pratt, S. (2015) · Journal of Children s Services · doi:10.1108/jcs-09-2014-0040 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Parental Distress and Parenting Behavior in Families of Preschool Children with and Without ASD: Spillover and Buffering
Baker, J. K., Fenning, R. M., Preston, A. E., Chan, N., McGregor, H. A., & Neece, C. L. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06163-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Decreasing Stress for Parents of Special Needs Children through a Web-Based Mindfulness Program: A Pilot Study
Shaffer, E., Lape, J. E., & Salls, J. (2020) · Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice · doi:10.46743/1540-580x/2020.1887 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Transformative Parenting
Whittingham, K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22255-4_18 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Examining the Feasibility of a Special Education Advocacy Training Program
Burke, M. M., Mello, M. P., & Goldman, S. E. (2016) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-016-9491-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Strength-Based Approaches to Working with Families of Children with ASD
Steiner, A., & Gengoux, G. W. (2018) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90994-3_10 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The effects of mindfulness-based self-compassion training on stress, psychological resilience, and well-being in parents of autistic children: a randomized controlled study
Cengiz, M., & Kılıç, D. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08101-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“As in our study, mindfulness-based interventions are generally reported to reduce stress levels in the parents of autistic children (Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Neece, 2014).”
Considerations About How Emotional Intelligence can be Enhanced in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Trevisan, D. A., Abel, E. A., Brackett, M. A., & McPartland, J. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.639736 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…generally perform worse than comparison groups on tasks that require recognition of emotion from facial expressions (Uljarevic and Hamilton, 2013; Lozier et al., 2014), prosody (e.g., tone, rhythm), gestures, and body language (Baker et al., 2010; Stewart et al., 2013; Fridenson-Hayo et al., 2016).”
Background
The Efficacy of a Mindfulness-Based Therapeutic Parenting Group for Parents with Adverse Childhood Experiences: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Lyu, R., & Lu, S. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02054-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Exploring the Potential Impact of Training on Short-Term Quality of Life and Stress of Parents of Children with Autism: The Integrative Parents’ Autism Training Module
Mavroeidi, N., Sifnaios, C., Ntinou, A., Iatrou, G., Konstantakopoulou, O., Martínez, M. M., Nucifora, M., Tanrıkulu, İ., & Vadolas, A. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21040474 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Families as Partners
Frantz, R. J., Hansen, S. G., Squires, J., & Machalicek, W. (2017) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/iyc.0000000000000109 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…parents (e.g., Bazzano et al., 2015; Blackledge & Hayes, 2006; Dykens, Fisher, Taylor, Lambert, & Miodrag, 2014; Ergüner-Tekinalp & Akkök, 2004; Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Neece, 2014; Romagnano & Gavidia-Payne, 2009; RuizRobledillo, Sariñana-González, Pérez-Blasco, González-Bono, &…”
The Efficacy of a Culturally-Adapted Group-based Parent Coaching Program for Autistic Children in China via Telehealth: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Qu, L., Colombi, C., Chen, W., Miller, A. L., Miller, H. L., & Ulrich, D. A. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06543-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Acceptance in Developmental Disabilities: Introduction to the Special Issue
Hastings, R. P., & Manikam, R. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0207-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Ferraioli and Harris (2013) compared the effects of mindfulness and skills-based parent training programs for parents of children with autism.”
Background
Mindfulness: An Application of Positive Psychology in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Singh, N., Lancioni, G., Hwang, Y.-S., Chan, J., Shogren, K., & Wehmeyer, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59066-0_6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Room to Improve: Predictors of Attendance and Outcomes Within Mindfulness-Enhanced Behavioral Parent Training
Donovan, M. O., Barkus, E., Herbert, J. S., & Pickard, J. A. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02328-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…best suited where children present with life-long neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, while behavioral approaches appear preferable where children display disruptive behaviors underpinned by coercive parent–child cycles (Anand et al., 2023; Ferraioli & Harris, 2013).”
Mindfulness and Psychoeducation Are Associated With Improved Perceived and Physiological Health Outcomes in Caregivers of Children With Autism
Iadarola, S., Cai, P., Porto, M., & Mustian, K. M. (2025) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-130.4.280 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Feasibility of a brief mindfulness intervention: Examining stress, anxiety and mindfulness for Thai parents of children with developmental disabilities
Petcharat, M., & Liehr, P. R. (2021) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2021.06.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Family Inclusion
Bordelon, A. E., & Bradley, R. L. (2019) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13027-5_24 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Assessing the Effectiveness of Real-Time Online Parent Training for Parents of Children with Diverse Neurodevelopmental Disorders Residing in the Community
Yamanaka, T., Yuruki, K., Sanabe, Y., Yasutake, M., & Inoue, M. (2023) · Yonago acta medica · doi:10.33160/yam.2023.11.010 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mindfulness and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Cachia, R. L. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/65394 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mindfulness Parenting and Childish Play: A Clinical Trial With Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Rojas-Torres, L. P., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2023) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2022.339 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The perceived benefits of Dance Movement Therapy for parents of a child on the autism spectrum: A pilot study
Champagne, E. R., & MacDonald, S. E. (2021) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2021.101875 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Caring for the caregiver of those living with autism-spectrum disorders: Minimizing burden and optimizing well-being
Levin, L. K., & Machado-Gonzalez, Y. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27366-7.00001-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A targeted intervention for siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders
Hansford, A. (2013) · doi:10.7282/t3gb223t · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Ratings were assigned on a modified 5-point Likert scale adapted from Ferraioli (2010) to measure the social validity of play interactions (see Appendix F).”
Method
Family Relationships and Individuals with Autism
Fiske, K., & Austin, A. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98507-3_4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
5Minutes4Myself: Development of a Wellness Program for Caregivers of Children with Autism
Larson, E. A. (2023) · Canadian journal of occupational therapy. Revue canadienne d'ergotherapie · doi:10.1177/00084174231172036 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“For example, mindfulness-based programs for these parents have shown promise as indicated by diminishing parent stress and depression, and improving child behavior (e.g., Dykens et al., 2014; Ferraioli & Harris, 2013; Rayan & Ahmad, 2017).”
Background

Comparative effects of mindfulness and skills-based parent training programs
Iadarola, S. (2011) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3b8576f · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Comparative Effects of Mindfulness and Skills-Based Parent Training Programs for
Iadarola, S. J., Iadarola, S. J., Harris, S. L., Iadarola, J., & Harris, S. L. (2011)
Self-citation
The Effects of Parent Training Programs on the Quality of Life and Stress Levels of Parents Raising a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review of the Literature
Lichtlé, J., Downes, N., Engelberg, A., & Cappe, É. (2019) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-019-00190-x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
An Initial Evaluation of the Mindful Parenting Group for Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Voos, A. C. (2016) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training for Mothers on Parenting Stress and the Quality of the Parent–Child Relationship in Families with a Child with Autism
Anaraki, F. A. (2026) · The Psychological Research in Individuals with Exceptional Needs

Authors: Ferraioli, S. J., & Harris, S. L.
Affiliations: Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author: Ferraioli, Suzannah J.
Venue: Mindfulness
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-04-22
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 89-101
ISSN: 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
1868-8535
DOI: 10.1007/s12671-012-0099-0
OpenAlex: W2061478236
Cited by: 145
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4
FWCI: 5.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
Funders: Organization for Autism Research
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Keywords: behavioral skills training, autism spectrum disorder, parents of autistic children, parental stress, parent-child interaction, feasibility, treatment outcomes, group intervention

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Comparative Effects of Mindfulness and Skills-Based Parent Training Programs for Parents of Children with Autism: Feasibility and Preliminary Outcome Data

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