Interventions to Promote Well-Being in Parents of Children with Autism: a Systematic Review

Frantz, Rebecca; Hansen, Sarah Grace; Machalicek, Wendy

doi:10.1007/s40489-017-0123-3

Cited by 76Family and Disability Support ResearchAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchFamily Caregiving in Mental Illness

Interventions to Promote Well-Being in Parents of Children with Autism: a Systematic Review

Frantz, Rebecca, Hansen, Sarah Grace, Machalicek, Wendy·2018·Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

DOI 10.1007/s40489-017-0123-3

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A wide range of interventions have been developed to improve mental health of parents of children with NDDs, including mindfulness and positive psychology interventions.
“A wide range of interventions have been developed to improve mental health of parents of children with NDDs, including mindfulness and positive psychology interventions (PPIs) [20, 22, 33, 53].”
From Effectiveness of a positive psychology and mindfulness-based app on mental health for parents of children with a neurodevelopmental disorder: study protocol of a pragmatic international randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [33]
The literature emphasizes the need for interventions that focus not only on managing the child's challenging behaviour but also on reducing parental stress and enhancing parental well-being.
“Overall, the literature emphasizes the need for interventions that focus not only on managing the child's CB but also on reducing parental stress and enhancing parental well-being (42).”
From ProVIA-Kids - outcomes of an uncontrolled study on smartphone-based behaviour analysis for challenging behaviour in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities or autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [42]

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“A variety of Table 1 (continued) Study Child demographics Parent demographics Intervention Ages % with ASD N Role Age 13 fathers Sorfronoff and Farbotko (2002) Behavioral M = 8 years 100 89 45 mothers 44 fathers NR Suzuki et al. (2014) Psychoeducational M = 4.4 years 100 72 72 mothers M = 35.14 Tellegan and Sanders (2…”
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(2002) · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107
Behavior Problems in Adults With Mental Retardation and Maternal Well-Being: Examination of the Direction of Effects
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Stress and emotional wellbeing of parents due to change in routine for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at home during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia
Alhuzimi, T. E. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103822 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: Achieving universal health coverage for young children with autism spectrum disorder in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a review of reviews
Divan, G., Bhavnani, S., Leadbitter, K., Ellis, C., Dasgupta, J., Abubakar, A. A., Elsabbagh, M., Hamdani, S. U., Servili, C., Patel, V., et al. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13404 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The effects of early autism intervention on parents and family adaptive functioning
Estes, A. M., Swain, D. M., & MacDuffie, K. E. (2019) · Pediatric Medicine · doi:10.21037/pm.2019.05.05 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Mind the Gap: Strategies to Bridge the Research-to-Practice Divide in Early Intervention Caregiver Coaching Practices
Romano, M. K., & Schnurr, M. P. (2020) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/0271121419899163 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Peers: An Online Survey
Levante, A., Petrocchi, S., Bianco, F., Castelli, I., Colombi, C., Keller, R., Narzisi, A., Masi, G., & Lecciso, F. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11060808 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Symptom Severity, Internalized and Externalized Behavioral and Emotional Problems: Links with Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children Recently Diagnosed with Autism
Mello, C., Rivard, M., Morin, D., Patel, S., & Morin, M. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05131-4 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Enablers of Behavioral Parent Training for Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Raulston, T. J., Hieneman, M., Caraway, N., Pennefather, J. T., & Bhana, N. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1295-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Lifespan
Tafolla, M., Singer, H., & Lord, C. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-031110 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
SOLACE: A Psychosocial Stigma Protection Intervention to Improve the Mental Health of Parents of Autistic Children—A Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial
Lodder, A., Papadopoulos, C., & Randhawa, G. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04498-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Parenting stress within mother-father dyads raising a young child with autism spectrum disorder
Patel, S., Rivard, M., Mello, C., & Morin, D. (2022) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102051 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Parenting Practices and Externalizing Behaviors in Autistic Children: A Systematic Literature Review
Suvarna, V., Farrell, L. J., Adams, D., Emerson, L., & Paynter, J. M. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00467-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Promoting the Social Inclusion of Children with ASD: A Family-Centred Intervention
McConkey, R., Cassin, M.-T., & McNaughton, R. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10050318 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Access and barriers to supports for children and caregivers attending public child developmental assessment services: Findings from the Sydney child neurodevelopment research registry
Boulton, K., Hodge, M. A., Levu, K., Ong, N., Silove, N., & Guastella, A. J. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3064 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The influence of children’s behavior problems on parents’ psychological well-being: A serial mediation model of parental psychological control and parental burnout
Minh, T. N., Quang, A. M. T., & Hà, T. A. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106366 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Systematic Review of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Caregivers, and Staff
Garcia, Y., Keller-Collins, A., Andrews, M., Kurumiya, Y., Imlay, K., Umphrey, B., & Foster, E. (2022) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455211027301 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Parent Education in Pivotal Response Treatment on Pivotal and Collateral Responses
Verschuur, R., Huskens, B., & Didden, R. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04061-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A Brief Measure of Parental Wellbeing for Use in Evaluations of Family-Centred Interventions for Children with Developmental Disabilities
McConkey, R. (2020) · Children · doi:10.3390/children7090120 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effects of a brief mindfulness-infused behavioral parent training for mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder
Raulston, T., Zemantic, P. K., Machalicek, W., Hieneman, M., Kurtz-Nelson, E., Barton, H., Hansen, S., & Frantz, R. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.05.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mindful Parenting, Caregiver Distress, and Conduct Problems in Children With Autism
Raulston, T. J., Kosty, D. B., & McIntyre, L. L. (2021) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-126.5.396 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Social Support and Subjective Well-Being in Chinese Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Mediating Role of Perceived Discrimination
Ban, Y., Sun, J., & Liu, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781794 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Family Processes and the Emotional and Behavioural Well-being of Autistic Children and Youth: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies
Fitzgerald, B., McCusker, C., Dempsey, M., & Galvin, A. D. (2023) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-023-00385-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Differing relationships between parenting stress, parenting practices and externalising behaviours in autistic children
Suvarna, V., Farrell, L. J., Adams, D., Emerson, L., & Paynter, J. M. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241287569 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Social support and parenting self-efficacy in parents of children with ASD: The mediating role of post-traumatic growth and the moderating role of self-esteem
Zhang, J., Lin, X., Zhou, S., Ye, B., Zhang, Y., & Xiong, H. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05031-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cultivating Mindfulness in Schools to Promote Well-Being
Renshaw, T. L., Weeks, S. N., Roberson, A. J., Upton, S. R., Barr, J., Phan, M. L., & Farley, C. D. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003013778-11 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Are all parental experiences equal?: Cluster analysis of salivary cortisol and perception of parental stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder
Fecteau, S.-M., Trudel, M., Champagne, N., & Picard, F. (2023) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104550 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Enhancement of Social Communication Behaviors in Young Children With Autism Affects Maternal Stress
Laister, D., Vivanti, G., Marschik, P. B., Fellinger, J., & Holzinger, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.797148 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evaluation of the social validity and implementation process of a psychoeducational program for parents of a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sankey, C., Girard, S., & Cappe, É. (2019) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2019.1598721 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
How effective are group-based psychoeducation programs for parents of children with ASD in Turkey? A systematic review and meta-analysis
AĞIRKAN, M., Koç, M., & Avcı, Ö. H. (2023) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104554 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Parental Stress and Coping in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Network Analysis of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Gharaibeh, M., Ayasrah, M. N., Al‐Rousan, A. H., Khasawneh, Y. J. A., & Khasawneh, M. A. S. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70100 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Family Centred Practice Scale for use with families with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bello, M. A. R., & Sánchez‐Teruel, D. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105863 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Equitable access to sustainable healthcare services for children with autism
Sultan, M. A. (2024) · BJPsych International · doi:10.1192/bji.2024.33 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Emotional Experience of Families With an Immigrant Background Throughout the Autism Service Trajectory in Early Childhood
Boulé, M., & Rivard, M. (2023) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894231167640 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Examining parental stress factors in Hong Kong Chinese parents of autistic and neurodevelopmentally atypical children
Qi, X., & To, C. K. S. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102512 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on mothers' psychological well-being of children with Autism and reduction of symptoms these children
Aghababaei, S., & Taghavi, M. (2020) · Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.29252/shenakht.6.6.88 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Efficacy of a Parent-Implemented Pivotal Response Treatment for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Bozkuş-Genç, G., & Özkan, Ş. Y. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06113-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Interventions supporting the empowerment of parent carers of children with neurodisability and other long‐term health conditions: A scoping review
Reeder, J., Rogers, M., Harniess, P., Shamsaddin, F., McGlinchey, C., Smith, J. R., Kendall, S. A., & Morris, C. (2025) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.70039 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Parents' Emotional Journey Throughout Their Participation in a Well‐Being Support Group Intervention
Boulé, M., Rivard, M., & Mello, C. (2025) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.70107 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The effect of brief acceptance and commitment training on values-based behaviors of Japanese parents of children with autism
Uramoto, M., Moore, C., García, Y., & Kurumiya, Y. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.05.005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A Window into the Use of Post-diagnostic Services for Autism and Parents’ Perspective on the Quality of Early Childhood Services Trajectory in a Canadian Province
Rivard, M., Mello, C., Patel, S., Morin, M., & Morin, D. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06265-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
ProVIA-Kids - outcomes of an uncontrolled study on smartphone-based behaviour analysis for challenging behaviour in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities or autism spectrum disorder
Meerson, R., Buchholz, H., Kammerer, K., Göster, M., Schobel, J., Ratz, C., Pryss, R., Taurines, R., Romanos, M., Gamer, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2024.1462682 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a positive psychology and mindfulness-based app on mental health for parents of children with a neurodevelopmental disorder: study protocol of a pragmatic international randomized controlled trial
Tönis, K. J. M., Drossaert, C. H. C., ten Klooster, P. M., Schaer, M., Bourgeron, T., Buitelaar, J. K., Sadaka, Y., Freitag, C. M., Lapidus, K. M., Chiocchetti, A. G., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08256-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A wide range of interventions have been developed to improve mental health of parents of children with NDDs, including mindfulness and positive psychology interventions (PPIs) [20, 22, 33, 53].”
Background
Approaches to strengthen parental self-efficacy: An umbrella review of systematic reviews
Waid, J., Abusaleh, K., & Marsalis, S. (2025) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2025.108483 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Interventions to support parents and carers of young people with mental health difficulties: a systematic review protocol
Martin, F., Dahmash, D. T., Tsang, A., Glover, S., Duncan, C., & Halligan, S. L. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073940 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Outcomes of the World Health Organization’s Caregiver Skills Training Program for Eritrean and Ethiopian parents of autistic children in the United States
Dababnah, S., Zeleke, W. A., Chung, Y., Adjei, R. A., Dixon, P. J., Salomone, E., & WHO CST Team (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251351345 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Music and Parental Wellbeing: A Position Paper
Perkins, R., Sanfilippo, K. R. M., Graham, D., Durrant, M., Alway, P., Anstee, L., Corcoran, K., East, E., Ettenberger, M., Knight, J., et al. (2025) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/20592043251351761 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Systematic Review of Parents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Children in Southeast Asia: Work-related Factors
Khor, S. G., & Kaur, H. (2024) · Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) · doi:10.47405/mjssh.v9i6.2868 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Supporting the mental health of parents of neurodivergent children: A systematic review of positive psychology interventions
Tönis, K. J. M., Velikova, S. R., Drossaert, C. H. C., ten Klooster, P. M., Staal, W., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2025) · Research in Neurodiversity · doi:10.1016/j.rin.2025.100009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Protocol for a feasibility and acceptability trial of Bloom, a co-produced and co-facilitated parent group to enhance the quality of life and well-being of young autistic children
Adams, D., Ambrose, K., Bowen, R., Heyworth, M., Heussler, H., Roth, J., Pellicano, E., Downes, M., den Houting, J., Paynter, J. M., et al. (2026) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-025-01755-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Interventions for Family Members
Machalicek, W., Erturk, B., Gulgatch, L., Wei, Q., Alvarez, K., & Joseph, S. S. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_61 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Early motor skill interventions for children with autism; secondary effects on parents and families
Elliott, L. K., Weiss, J. A., & Lloyd, M. (2023) · European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity · doi:10.5507/euj.2023.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Contribution of Psychological Flexibility and Parental Reflective Functioning to Parental Self-Efficacy of Parents of Children With ASD in Routine and War Times
Shnitzer‐Meirovich, S., Aviad, S., Reich, A., Lifshitz, H., & Gur, A. (2025) · Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities · doi:10.1177/15407969251390467 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effectiveness of the Mindful Motherhood Support Program on Quality of Life Among Palestinian Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Al-Natsheh, B., & Imam, A. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23010014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Efficacy of Mentalization-Based Interventions Among Autistic Individuals and Their Families: A Systematic Review
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Zorg voor het gezin
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Authors: Frantz, R., Hansen, S. G., & Machalicek, W.
Affiliations: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Georgia State University (US)
University of Oregon (US)
Corresponding author: Hansen, Sarah Grace
ORCID: Frantz, Rebecca
Hansen, Sarah Grace
Machalicek, Wendy
Venue: Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-11-28
Volume: 5
Issue: 1
Pages: 58-77
ISSN: 2195-7177 (ISSN-L)
2195-7185
DOI: 10.1007/s40489-017-0123-3
OpenAlex: W2770075862
Cited by: 76
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 0.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, parents of autistic children, parental well-being, parental stress, parenting support, caregiver burden, intervention effectiveness, evidence base

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