The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Candida auris Infection and Biofilm Formation: Going Beyond the Surface
Open accessAbstract
Purpose of Review: Emergent fungal pathogen C. auris is spreading in hospitals throughout the world and mortality rates for patients with invasive disease approach 60%. This species exhibits a heightened capacity to colonize skin, persist on hospital surfaces, rapidly disseminate in healthcare settings, and resist antifungal therapy. Recent Findings: Current investigations show that C. auris produces biofilms, surface-adherent communities that resist antifungals and withstand desiccation. These biofilms form when C. auris is growing on skin or in conditions expected in the hospital environment and on implanted medical devices. Summary: Here, we will highlight the topic of biofilm formation by C. auris. We illustrate how this process influences resistance to antimicrobials and promotes nosocomial transmission.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“with biofilm formation enhancing its adhesive capacity and colonization efficiency9–11”
From The Wor2 phenotypic switching regulator controls biofilm formation in Candida auris (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The cell wall adhesin Als4 plays a central role in biofilm formation in C. auris and is required for adhesion to both biotic and abiotic surfaces11,14,17,50,52.”
From The Wor2 phenotypic switching regulator controls biofilm formation in Candida auris (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Since biofilms are often associated with increased persistence on the environmental surfaces and colonization on host skin4,5,11,49, this mutation could contribute to the prevalence and rapid transmission of C. auris.”
From The Wor2 phenotypic switching regulator controls biofilm formation in Candida auris (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Since biofilms are often associated with increased persistence on the environmental surfaces and colonization on host skin4,5,11,49, this mutation could contribute to the prevalence and rapid transmission of C. auris.”
From The Wor2 phenotypic switching regulator controls biofilm formation in Candida auris (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lockhart, S. R., Etienne, K. A., Vallabhaneni, S., Farooqi, J., Chowdhary, A., Govender, N. P., Colombo, A. L., Calvo, B., Cuomo, C. A., Desjardins, C. A., et al. (2017) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciw691 · Cited by 1,662
Satoh, K., Makimura, K., Hasumi, Y., Nishiyama, Y., Uchida, K., & Yamaguchi, H. (2009) · Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x · Cited by 1,381
Biofilm Formation: A Clinically Relevant Microbiological Process
Donlan, R. M. (2001) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/322972 · Cited by 1,343
Candida Infections of Medical Devices
Kojic, E. M., & Darouiche, R. O. (2004) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.17.2.255-267.2004 · Cited by 1,055
Pfaller, M. A., Diekema, D. J., Turnidge, J. D., Castanheira, M., & Jones, R. N. (2019) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofy358 · Cited by 825
First hospital outbreak of the globally emerging Candida auris in a European hospital
Schelenz, S., Hagen, F., Rhodes, J. L., Abdolrasouli, A., Chowdhary, A., Hall, A., Ryan, L., Shackleton, J., Trimlett, R., Meis, J. F., et al. (2016) · Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control · doi:10.1186/s13756-016-0132-5 · Cited by 768
Chowdhary, A., Sharma, C., & Meis, J. F. (2017) · PLOS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006290 · Cited by 750
Antifungal Resistance of Candidal Biofilms Formed on Denture Acrylic in vitro
Chandra, J., Mukherjee, P. K., Leidich, S. D., Faddoul, F., Hoyer, L. L., Douglas, L., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2001) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345010800031101 · Cited by 588
Chowdhary, A., Prakash, A., Sharma, C., Kordalewska, M., Kumar, A., Sarma, S., Tarai, B., Singh, A., Upadhyaya, G., Upadhyay, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkx480 · Cited by 577
Candida biofilms on implanted biomaterials: a clinically significant problem
Ramage, G., MartÃnez, J. P., & López-Ribot, J. L. (2006) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2006.00117.x · Cited by 575
A Candida auris Outbreak and Its Control in an Intensive Care Setting
Eyre, D. W., Sheppard, A. E., Madder, H., Moir, I., Moroney, R., Quan, T. P., Griffiths, D., George, S., Butcher, L., Morgan, M., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1714373 · Cited by 517
Mukherjee, P. K., Chandra, J., Kuhn, D. M., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2003) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.71.8.4333-4340.2003 · Cited by 511
Welsh, R. M., Bentz, M. L., Shams, A., Houston, H., Lyons, A., Rose, L. J., & Litvintseva, A. P. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00921-17 · Cited by 499
Comparison of Biofilms Formed byCandidaalbicansandCandidaparapsilosison Bioprosthetic Surfaces
Kuhn, D. M., Chandra, J., Mukherjee, P. K., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2002) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.70.2.878-888.2002 · Cited by 485
Ramage, G. (2002) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkf049 · Cited by 468
Calvo, B., Melo, A. S. D. A., Mena, A. J. P., Hernandez, M., Francisco, E. C., Hagen, F., Meis, J. F. G. M., & Colombo, A. L. (2016) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2016.07.008 · Cited by 448
Biofilm-Forming Capability of Highly Virulent, Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris
Sherry, L., Ramage, G., Kean, R., Borman, A., Johnson, E. M., Richardson, M. D., & Rautemaa-Richardson, R. (2017) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2302.161320 · Cited by 420
Resistance of Candida albicans biofilms to antifungal agents in vitro
Hawser, S., & Douglas, L. (1995) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.39.9.2128 · Cited by 402
Larkin, E., Hager, C., Chandra, J., Mukherjee, P. K., Retuerto, M., Salem, I., Long, L., Isham, N., Kovanda, L., Borroto-Esoda, K., et al. (2017) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.02396-16 · Cited by 395
Baillie, G. S. (2000) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/46.3.397 · Cited by 389
Characteristics of biofilm formation by Candida albicans.
Ramage, G., VandeWalle, K., Wickes, B. L., & Lopez-Ribot, J. L. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 370
Candida auris candidaemia in Indian ICUs: analysis of risk factors
Rudramurthy, S. M., Chakrabarti, A., Paul, R. A., Sood, P., Kaur, H., Capoor, M. R., Kindo, A. J., Marak, R. S. K., Arora, A., Sardana, R., et al. (2017) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkx034 · Cited by 357
Candida auris in Healthcare Facilities, New York, USA, 2013–2017
Adams, E., Quinn, M., Tsay, S., Poirot, E., Chaturvedi, S., Southwick, K., Greenko, J., Fernandez, R., Kallen, A., Vallabhaneni, S., et al. (2018) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2410.180649 · Cited by 284
Candida auris Isolates Resistant to Three Classes of Antifungal Medications — New York, 2019
Ostrowsky, B. E., Greenko, J. A., Adams, E. H., Quinn, M., O’Brien, B., Chaturvedi, V. P., Berkow, E. L., Vallabhaneni, S., Forsberg, K., Chaturvedi, S., et al. (2020) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6901a2 · Cited by 247
Biswal, M., Rudramurthy, S. M., Jain, N., Shankarnarayan, S. A., Sharma, D., Jain, K., Yaddanapudi, L. N., & Chakrabarti, A. (2017) · Journal of Hospital Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2017.09.009 · Cited by 234
Escandón, P., Chow, N. A., Caceres, D. H., Gade, L., Berkow, E. L., Armstrong, P., Rivera, S., Misas, E., Duarte, C., Moulton-Meissner, H., et al. (2019) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciy411 · Cited by 222
Kean, R., Delaney, C., Sherry, L., Borman, A., Johnson, E. M., Richardson, M. D., Rautemaa-Richardson, R., Williams, C., & Ramage, G. (2018) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00334-18 · Cited by 220
Effectiveness of Disinfectants Against Candida auris and Other Candida Species
Cadnum, J. L., Shaikh, A., Piedrahita, C. T., Thriveen Sankar, C., Jencson, A. L., Larkin, E. L., Ghannoum, M. A., & Donskey, C. J. (2017) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1017/ice.2017.162 · Cited by 216
Nett, J. E., Crawford, K., Marchillo, K., & Andes, D. R. (2010) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00227-10 · Cited by 207
Self-citationCommunity participation in biofilm matrix assembly and function
Mitchell, K. F., Zarnowski, R., Sanchez, H., Edward, J. A., Reinicke, E. L., Nett, J. E., Mitchell, A. P., & Andes, D. R. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1421437112 · Cited by 183
Self-citationVediyappan, G., Rossignol, T., & d'Enfert, C. (2010) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01638-09 · Cited by 183
Candida auris Forms High-Burden Biofilms in Skin Niche Conditions and on Porcine Skin
Horton, M. V., Johnson, C. J., Kernien, J. F., Patel, T. D., Lam, B. C., Cheong, J. Z. A., Meudt, J. J., Shanmuganayagam, D., Kalan, L. R., & Nett, J. E. (2020) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00910-19 · Cited by 159 · cited 1×
“The degree of this biofilmassociated drug resistance varies by species and antifungal, with biofilms withstanding up to 1000×-fold higher concentrations of antifungals compared to planktonic cells. Consequently, one would speculate that biofilm formation is likely to be associated with increased antifungal tolerance f…”
Self-citationCandida biofilm: a well-designed protected environment
Mukherjee, P. K., Zhou, G., Munyon, R., & Ghannoum, M. A. (2005) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1080/13693780500107554 · Cited by 149
Epidemiologic Shift in Candidemia Driven by Candida auris, South Africa, 2016–20171
van Schalkwyk, E., Mpembe, R. S., Thomas, J., Shuping, L., Ismail, H., Lowman, W., Karstaedt, A. S., Chibabhai, V., Wadula, J., Avenant, T., et al. (2019) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2509.190040 · Cited by 137
Emergence ofCandida auris: An International Call to Arms
Clancy, C. J., & Nguyen, M. H. (2016) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciw696 · Cited by 135
Conserved Role for Biofilm Matrix Polysaccharides in Candida auris Drug Resistance
Dominguez, E. G., Zarnowski, R., Choy, H. L., Zhao, M., Sanchez, H., Nett, J. E., & Andes, D. R. (2019) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/mspheredirect.00680-18 · Cited by 132
Self-citationRole of matrix β-1,3 glucan in antifungal resistance of non-albicans Candida biofilms
Mitchell, K. F., Taff, H. T., Cuevas, M. A., Reinicke, E. L., Sanchez, H., & Andes, D. R. (2013) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.02378-12 · Cited by 104
Shastri, P. S., Shankarnarayan, S. A., Oberoi, J., Rudramurthy, S. M., Wattal, C., & Chakrabarti, A. (2020) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.01.004 · Cited by 103
Candida auris for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory: Not Your Grandfather's Candida Species
Lockhart, S. R., Berkow, E. L., Chow, N. A., & Welsh, R. M. (2017) · Clinical Microbiology Newsletter · doi:10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2017.06.003 · Cited by 92
Sayeed, M. A., Farooqi, J. Q., Jabeen, K., Awan, S., & Mahmood, S. F. (2019) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-019-3999-y · Cited by 77
Candida auris: a comparison between planktonic and biofilm susceptibility to antifungal drugs
Romera, D., Aguilera-Correa, J. J., Gadea, I., Viñuela-Sandoval, L., García‐Rodríguez, J., & Esteban, J. (2019) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001036 · Cited by 69
Sayeed, M. A., Farooqi, J. Q., Jabeen, K., & Mahmood, S. F. (2019) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1093/mmy/myz112 · Cited by 65
García-Bustos, V., Salavert, M., Gaitán, A. C. R., Cabañero-Navalón, M. D., Sigona-Giangreco, I. A., & Pemán, J. (2020) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.02.001 · Cited by 65
Park, J. Y., Bradley, N. E., Brooks, S., Burney, S., & Wassner, C. (2019) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2503.180927 · Cited by 49
Farnesol increases the activity of echinocandins against Candida auris biofilms
Nagy, F., Tóth, Z., Daróczi, L., Székely, A., Borman, A. M., Majoros, L., & Kovács, R. (2019) · Medical Mycology · doi:10.1093/mmy/myz057 · Cited by 41
Khatamzas, E., Madder, H., & Jeffery, K. J. (2019) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2019.02.004 · Cited by 31
Successful treatment of a Candida auris intra-articular infection
Roberts, S. C., Zembower, T., Bolon, M. K., Kadakia, A. R., Gilley, J. H., Ko, J. H., Clark, J., Ward-Fore, S., & Taiwo, B. (2019) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2019.1625287 · Cited by 12
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Mukherjee PK, Chandra J, Kuhn DM, Ghannoum MA. Mechanism of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans biofilms: phase-specific role of efflux pumps and membrane sterols. Infect Immun. 2003;71(8):4333–40. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.8.4333-4340.2003. · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Antifungal Resistance in Pathogenic Candida Species
Czajka, K. M., Venkataraman, K., Brabant-Kirwan, D., Santi, S. A., Verschoor, C. P., Appanna, V. D., Singh, R. I., Saunders, D., & Tharmalingam, S. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12222655 · Cited by 207
Diagnosis and Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis
Barantsevich, N. E., & Barantsevich, E. P. (2022) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics11060718 · Cited by 209
Barber, C. A., Crank, K. C., Papp, K., Innes, G. K., Schmitz, B. W., Chavez, J., Rossi, A., & Gerrity, D. W. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c07763 · Cited by 95
Candida auris: A Quick Review on Identification, Current Treatments, and Challenges
Černáková, L., Roudbary, M., Brás, S., Tafaj, S., & Rodrigues, C. F. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094470 · Cited by 85
de Melo, C. C., de Sousa, B. R., da Costa, G. L., Oliveira, M. M. E., & de Lima-Neto, R. G. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1033707 · Cited by 61
Metadata
- Authors
- Horton, M. V., & Nett, J. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nett, Jeniel E.
- ORCID
- Nett, Jeniel E.
- Venue
- Current Clinical Microbiology Reports
- Published
- 2020-07-17
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 51-56
- ISSN
- 2196-5471 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7654955
- OpenAlex
- W3042454077
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Current Clinical Microbiology Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (2017074)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21AI159583, R01AI145939)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Keywords
- Candida auris, biofilm formation, antifungal resistance, nosocomial transmission, invasive candidiasis, skin colonization, biomedical implants, desiccation tolerance, emerging fungal pathogens
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
