Humidity Sensing of Stretchable and Transparent Hydrogel Films for Wireless Respiration Monitoring
Open accessAbstract
Respiratory monitoring plays a pivotal role in health assessment and provides an important application prospect for flexible humidity sensors. However, traditional humidity sensors suffer from a trade-off between deformability, sensitivity, and transparency, and thus the development of high-performance, stretchable, and low-cost humidity sensors is urgently needed as wearable electronics. Here, ultrasensitive, highly deformable, and transparent humidity sensors are fabricated based on cost-effective polyacrylamide-based double network hydrogels. Concomitantly, a general method for preparing hydrogel films with controllable thickness is proposed to boost the sensitivity of hydrogel-based sensors due to the extensively increased specific surface area, which can be applied to different polymer networks and facilitate the development of flexible integrated electronics. In addition, sustainable tapioca rich in hydrophilic polar groups is introduced for the first time as a second cross-linked network, exhibiting excellent water adsorption capacity. Through the synergistic optimization of structure and composition, the obtained hydrogel film exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity of 13,462.1%/%RH, which is unprecedented. Moreover, the hydrogel film-based sensor exhibits excellent repeatability and the ability to work normally under stretching with even enhanced sensitivity. As a proof of concept, we integrate the stretchable sensor with a specially designed wireless circuit and mask to fabricate a wireless respiratory interruption detection system with Bluetooth transmission, enabling real-time monitoring of human health status. This work provides a general strategy to construct high-performance, stretchable, and miniaturized hydrogel-based sensors as next-generation wearable devices for real-time monitoring of various physiological signals.
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At 33% RH, the complex EIS spectrum still exhibits a complete semicircle, but graded Warburg impedance is introduced and short diagonal lines appear in the low-frequency region.
“When the humidity increases to 33% RH, the complex EIS spectrum still exhibits a complete semicircle. However, the graded Warburg impedance is introduced, and short diagonal lines appear in the low-frequency region, as shown in Fig. 12c.”
From Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors. (2023) · cites this paper as Liang et al. [206]
The Results and Discussion section (Fig. 3b; page not provided) says that at 33% RH the semicircle remains complete and a short slanted line begins to appear at low frequency. It attributes this to *series* Warburg impedance being added to the equivalent circuit, not “graded” Warburg impedance. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThin-film hydrogel humidity sensors with thicknesses of a few microns, prepared by spin coating combined with sol-gel method, have sensitivity up to 13,462.1% RH%−1, exceeding bulk hydrogels.
“Spin coating, combined with sol–gel method, was used to prepare thin-film hydrogel humidity sensors with thicknesses of a few microns and sensitivity of up to 13,462.1% RH%−1, which exceeds that of bulk hydrogels (Fig. 12e).”
From Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors. (2023) · cites this paper as Liang et al. [206]
The Experimental Section describes spin-coating a sol–gel-prepared precursor to make hydrogel films, and Constituent Optimization reports a peak sensitivity of 13,462.1%/%RH. The Conclusions describe the films as tens of micrometers thick, not a few microns; the reported spin-coated films were 54.61–85.72 μm thick. The paper also reports better humidity-sensing performance than bulk hydrogels. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLiang et al. prepared a transparent DN hydrogel with good mechanical deformability using PAM and cassava gum as raw materials, and introduced polyol and LiBr to further enhance its stability and reliability.
“Liang et al. [206] prepared a transparent DN hydrogel with good mechanical deformability using PAM and cassava gum as raw materials, and introduced polyol and LiBr to further enhance its stability and reliability.”
From Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors. (2023) · cites this paper as Liang et al. [206]
The Constituent Optimization section describes transparent, mechanically robust PAM/tapioca double-network films made with tapioca derived from cassava root. It says LiBr gave those films environmental tolerance without polyols. Glycerol, a polyol, was instead used to improve the stability of the separate PAM/carrageenan hydrogel (Environment Tolerant PAM/Carrageenan Hydrogel section). The claim incorrectly combines the two treatments in the cassava-derived film. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAt 37-98% RH, the semicircular part of the complex EIS spectrum gradually disappears and the slash part gradually elongates; Warburg impedance becomes the main factor, the hydrogel-sensitive film absorbs more water, forming a continuous hydrated layer where ions diffuse and form conductive channels, and conductivity increases with humidity.
“When the humidity was continuously increased to 37–98% RH, the semicircular part of the complex EIS spectrum gradually disappeared, and the slash part was gradually elongated, as shown in Fig. 12d. In this humidity range, the Warburg impedance becomes the main factor of the EIS spectrum, and the hydrogel-sensitive film absorbs more water molecules, thereby forming a continuous hydrated layer”
From Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors. (2023) · cites this paper as Liang et al. [206]
In a dry environment, the complex EIS spectrum becomes semicircular; little water is adsorbed by the sensitive film and ion-conducting channels are not formed.
“As shown in Fig. 12b, the complex EIS spectrum becomes semicircular under a dry environment. The amount of water molecules adsorbed by the sensitive film is small, and ion-conducting channels are not formed.”
From Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors. (2023) · cites this paper as Liang et al. [206]
Liang et al. used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to detect impedance changes of hydrogels at different humidity levels and confirmed their effects on the conductivity of hydrogels.
“Liang et al. [206] used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to detect the impedance changes of hydrogels at different humidity levels and confirmed their effects on the conductivity of hydrogels.”
From Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors. (2023) · cites this paper as Liang et al. [206]
The humidity response of the hydrogel is highly dependent on its thickness.
“Furthermore, the humidity response of the hydrogel was highly dependent on its thickness.”
From Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors. (2023) · cites this paper as Liang et al. [206]
The mask is able to recognize breathing patterns, demonstrating its potential application in sleep apnea disorders monitoring.
“The mask is able to recognize breathing patterns, demonstrating its potential application in sleep apnea disorders monitoring.”
From Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors. (2023) · cites this paper as Liang et al. [206]
The hydrogel sensor has a high sensitivity of 13,462.1% RH%−1 to humidity and can still operate in the stretched state.
“The hydrogel sensor has a high sensitivity of 13,462.1% RH%−1 to humidity and can still operate in the stretched state.”
From Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors. (2023) · cites this paper as Liang et al. [206]
By integrating this hydrogel sensor, self-designed circuitry, and the mask, the authors fabricated a mask that allows wireless breathing monitoring.
“By integrating this hydrogel sensor, self-designed circuitry, and the mask, the authors also fabricated a mask that allows wireless breathing monitoring, as shown in Fig. 15c1-c2.”
From Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors. (2023) · cites this paper as Liang et al. [206]
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- Authors
- Liang, Y., Ding, Q., Wang, H., Wu, Z., Li, J., Li, Z., Tao, K., Gui, X., & Wu, J.
- Affiliations
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Northwestern Polytechnical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Jin
- Venue
- Nano-Micro Letters
- Published
- 2022-09-12
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 183-183
- ISSN
- 2150-5551 (ISSN-L)
- 2311-6706
- PMC
- PMC9468213
- OpenAlex
- W4295242544
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 9.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nano-Micro Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Nanomaterials and Printing Technologies
- Keywords
- humidity sensing, stretchable hydrogels, double-network hydrogel, polyacrylamide, tapioca, water adsorption, wearable electronics, Bluetooth communication, physiological monitoring
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