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Cited by 64Atmospheric Ozone and ClimateAtmospheric chemistry and aerosolsAtmospheric aerosols and clouds

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 259 of the 259 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 26 of the 376 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate

Open access
Madronich, S., Sulzberger, B., Longstreth, J. D., Schikowski, T., Andersen, M. P. Sulbæk, Solomon, K. R., Wilson, S. R.·2023·Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences
DOI 10.1007/s43630-023-00369-6PMC PMC10262938
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Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation drives the net production of tropospheric ozone (O 3) and a large fraction of particulate matter (PM) including sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols. Ground-level O 3 and PM are detrimental to human health, leading to several million premature deaths per year globally, and have adverse effects on plants and the yields of crops. The Montreal Protocol has prevented large increases in UV radiation that would have had major impacts on air quality. Future scenarios in which stratospheric O 3 returns to 1980 values or even exceeds them (the so-called super-recovery) will tend to ameliorate urban ground-level O 3 slightly but worsen it in rural areas. Furthermore, recovery of stratospheric O 3 is expected to increase the amount of O 3 transported into the troposphere by meteorological processes that are sensitive to climate change. UV radiation also generates hydroxyl radicals (OH) that control the amounts of many environmentally important chemicals in the atmosphere including some greenhouse gases, e.g., methane (CH 4), and some short-lived ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Recent modeling studies have shown that the increases in UV radiation associated with the depletion of stratospheric ozone over 1980–2020 have contributed a small increase (~ 3%) to the globally averaged concentrations of OH. Replacements for ODSs include chemicals that react with OH radicals, hence preventing the transport of these chemicals to the stratosphere. Some of these chemicals, e.g., hydrofluorocarbons that are currently being phased out, and hydrofluoroolefins now used increasingly, decompose into products whose fate in the environment warrants further investigation. One such product, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), has no obvious pathway of degradation and might accumulate in some water bodies, but is unlikely to cause adverse effects out to 2100. Graphical abstract

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This assessment reviews how stratospheric ozone protection and climate change alter tropospheric air quality, especially UV-driven ozone, particulate matter, OH, and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). It concludes that the Montreal Protocol has avoided large UV increases, ozone recovery may slightly improve urban O3 but worsen rural O3, and projected TFA risks remain de minimis.

Key findings

  • Recovery of stratospheric O3 to 1980 levels is estimated to increase the U.S. O3 column by 4–6% and to lower ambient O3 over a few large urban areas while raising it slightly elsewhere; under super-recovery by 2100, stratospheric O3 could increase by an additional 10% above 1980 levels under high emission scenarios, decreasing tropospheric JO3 by about 14%, with changes about three times greater than for recovery to 1980 levels.
  • UV-B drives OH; modeling studies show increases in UV from stratospheric ozone depletion over 1980–2020 contributed a small increase (~3%) to globally averaged OH, while three Earth System Models gave a net OH increase of about 8% over 1980–2010, with rising CH4 counteracting by about −8%.
  • Health: WHO estimates 4.2 million deaths/year from ambient air pollution; in ELAPSE, among 325,367 adults, each 5 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with a 13% (95% CI 10.6–15.5%) increase in natural deaths, and below the U.S. 12 µg/m3 standard with nearly 30% (29.6%, 95% CI 14–47.4%) increase.
  • TFA: projected deposition from HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf is 31.5–51.9 Tg for 2020–2100, raising ocean TFA sodium salt to 266–284 ng/L by 2100; margins of exposure are thousand-fold versus toxicity thresholds, and TFA is judged de minimis risk. U.S. pesticide use 1992–2018 was estimated to potentially release 122,604 tons TFA under worst-case assumptions.

Methods

  • Design: quadrennial assessment/review in two parts: (1) effects of stratospheric O3 depletion, UV-B, and climate change on tropospheric air quality and health/ecosystems; (2) sources, fate, and risks of TFA.
  • Data: literature searched through PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and relevant journals for peer-reviewed papers from 2018–2022, plus reports from international agencies (e.g., WHO) and government agencies (e.g., US EPA); papers/reports critically evaluated before inclusion.
  • Analysis: synthesis of observations and numerical model results; includes new calculations/estimates, e.g., worst-case TFA tonnage from U.S. pesticide use using USGS data and molar yields.

Limitations

  • Stated: major uncertainties remain for future emissions scenarios and environmental conditions (UV-B, temperature, humidity); models need improvement for urban VOC-NOx O3 chemistry, SOA formation, and stratospheric–tropospheric O3 exchange; global OH concentrations and variability need better constraints.
  • Stated: TFA source identification/quantification, especially natural sources and short-lived precursor inventories, is uncertain; TFA toxicity data are limited because only two marine species are included and marine macrophytes have not been tested.
  • Evident: as a review/assessment, conclusions depend on cited studies and model outputs rather than new primary measurements; many reported quantities have wide ranges or model disagreement (e.g., stratospheric–tropospheric exchange estimates vary from 347 ± 12 to 628 ± 800 Tg/year).

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s43630-023-00369-6

Cites

259 of 259 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Figures

Fig. 1 Simplified schematic of tropospheric photochemistry. UV-C radiation (100–280 nm) in the stratosphere generates ozone, O3, some of which is transported to the troposphere. UV-B radiation initiates tropospheric chemistry by photo-dissociating O3 and generating highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH). These react with many compounds emitted by human activities and natural processes, e.g., carbon monoxide, methane, volatile organic compounds including halocarbons, and others, all generalized in the figure as RC (reduced compounds). By removing these compounds, the concentration of OH controls the self-cleaning capacity of the atmosphere. Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) catalyze the photo-oxidation by regenerating OH via reaction of NO with HO2. This coupling of the NOx and HOx (OH + HO2) cycles also leads to autocatalytic production of O3, often in amounts larger than lost initially via its UV-B photolysis, since NOx and HOx molecules can cycle many times before being removed. The cycles are terminated by reaction with OH to make nitric acid, (HNO3) or by reaction of HO2 to inorganic or organic peroxides, e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Other products, depending on the reduced compounds being oxidized by OH, could include partly oxidized organics, secondary organic aerosols (SOA), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)
Fig. 1 Simplified schematic of tropospheric photochemistry. UV-C radiation (100–280 nm) in the stratosphere generates ozone, O3, some of which is transported to the troposphere. UV-B radiation initiates tropospheric chemistry by photo-dissociating O3 and generating highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH). These react with many compounds emitted by human activities and natural processes, e.g., carbon monoxide, methane, volatile organic compounds including halocarbons, and others, all generalized in the figure as RC (reduced compounds). By removing these compounds, the concentration of OH controls the self-cleaning capacity of the atmosphere. Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) catalyze the photo-oxidation by regenerating OH via reaction of NO with HO2. This coupling of the NOx and HOx (OH + HO2) cycles also leads to autocatalytic production of O3, often in amounts larger than lost initially via its UV-B photolysis, since NOx and HOx molecules can cycle many times before being removed. The cycles are terminated by reaction with OH to make nitric acid, (HNO3) or by reaction of HO2 to inorganic or organic peroxides, e.g., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Other products, depending on the reduced compounds being oxidized by OH, could include partly oxidized organics, secondary organic aerosols (SOA), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)CC BY · PubMed Central
Image 2
CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2 Global tropospheric ozone (Tg) estimated by multi-model assessments (MMM, ACCMIP, TOAR) and observations (OBS, for the year 2000). Future projections are for one Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP370 scenario). From IPCC 2021 Ch. 6 [11]
Fig. 2 Global tropospheric ozone (Tg) estimated by multi-model assessments (MMM, ACCMIP, TOAR) and observations (OBS, for the year 2000). Future projections are for one Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP370 scenario). From IPCC 2021 Ch. 6 [11]CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3 Regional and local trends in tropospheric ozone at the surface and lower atmosphere. From IPCC 2021 Ch. 6 [11]
Fig. 3 Regional and local trends in tropospheric ozone at the surface and lower atmosphere. From IPCC 2021 Ch. 6 [11]CC BY · PubMed Central
Image 5
CC BY · PubMed Central
Image 6
CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4 Composition of PM2.5 over the contiguous United States calculated with a chemistry-transport model. Particles produced by UV photochemical reactions (secondary aerosols) include sulfate (SO4), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from anthropogenic or biogenic precursors (SOAAVOC and SOABVOC, respectively), and account for more than half of the total PM2.5, compared to directly emitted particles (primary aerosols) such as dust, soot, and sea spray. VOC, volatile organic compounds. From Pye et al. [46]
Fig. 4 Composition of PM2.5 over the contiguous United States calculated with a chemistry-transport model. Particles produced by UV photochemical reactions (secondary aerosols) include sulfate (SO4), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from anthropogenic or biogenic precursors (SOAAVOC and SOABVOC, respectively), and account for more than half of the total PM2.5, compared to directly emitted particles (primary aerosols) such as dust, soot, and sea spray. VOC, volatile organic compounds. From Pye et al. [46]CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 5 Sites at which air pollution can affect interactions mediated by olfactory or visual cues between plants and their associated community. A Effects of pollutants on signal-emitting organisms. B The degradation of VOCs by air pollutants and formation of reaction products and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). C Effects on the signal receiving organisms, e.g., pollinating insects. In addition, exposure to air pollution can influence the interactions between herbivores and plants. D From [134], reproduced with permission
Fig. 5 Sites at which air pollution can affect interactions mediated by olfactory or visual cues between plants and their associated community. A Effects of pollutants on signal-emitting organisms. B The degradation of VOCs by air pollutants and formation of reaction products and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). C Effects on the signal receiving organisms, e.g., pollinating insects. In addition, exposure to air pollution can influence the interactions between herbivores and plants. D From [134], reproduced with permissionCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 6 Relative change in global concentrations of tropospheric OH from 1980 to 2020, estimated with three different Earth System Models (ESMs). The net change in OH (rightmost column) has contributions from increased emissions of nitrogen oxides and other precursors of tropospheric ozone (ΔNOx); increased emissions of methane (ΔCH4); accumulation of ozone-depleting substances now regulated under the Montreal Protocol (ΔODSs); emissions of particulate matter and its precursors (ΔPM); and other undifferentiated changes attributed to underlying climate change (e.g., water vapor), as well as interactions among these separate factors (ΔOther) (modified from [141])
Fig. 6 Relative change in global concentrations of tropospheric OH from 1980 to 2020, estimated with three different Earth System Models (ESMs). The net change in OH (rightmost column) has contributions from increased emissions of nitrogen oxides and other precursors of tropospheric ozone (ΔNOx); increased emissions of methane (ΔCH4); accumulation of ozone-depleting substances now regulated under the Montreal Protocol (ΔODSs); emissions of particulate matter and its precursors (ΔPM); and other undifferentiated changes attributed to underlying climate change (e.g., water vapor), as well as interactions among these separate factors (ΔOther) (modified from [141])CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 7 Interacting effects of UV-B radiation and climate change on tropospheric concentrations of OH and on the lifetime of very-short-lived substances (VSLSs). Effects of climate change include more frequent wildfires and thawing of permafrost soils with the formation of thermokarst lakes, which are important sources of CO and CH4, respectively. Increased emissions of CO and CH4 tend to decrease the tropospheric OH concentration, which in turn results in longer lifetime of VSLSs and, thus, a higher probability of stratospheric ozone depletion
Fig. 7 Interacting effects of UV-B radiation and climate change on tropospheric concentrations of OH and on the lifetime of very-short-lived substances (VSLSs). Effects of climate change include more frequent wildfires and thawing of permafrost soils with the formation of thermokarst lakes, which are important sources of CO and CH4, respectively. Increased emissions of CO and CH4 tend to decrease the tropospheric OH concentration, which in turn results in longer lifetime of VSLSs and, thus, a higher probability of stratospheric ozone depletionCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 8 Schematic of the circulation of air into the stratosphere and its return. The general circulation is slow relative to movements in the troposphere. Tropopause folds (shown with a dotted blue line) occur sporadically and inject stratospheric air into the troposphere
Fig. 8 Schematic of the circulation of air into the stratosphere and its return. The general circulation is slow relative to movements in the troposphere. Tropopause folds (shown with a dotted blue line) occur sporadically and inject stratospheric air into the troposphereCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 9 Drivers of tropospheric ozone concentration (redrawn with permission and assistance from Guang Zeng from Fig. 13, in [158]). The deposition amount is directly related to the concentration of O3 at the surface of the Earth. The two panels represent the output of different chemistry–climate models considered in the study. STE, stratospheric–tropospheric exchange
Fig. 9 Drivers of tropospheric ozone concentration (redrawn with permission and assistance from Guang Zeng from Fig. 13, in [158]). The deposition amount is directly related to the concentration of O3 at the surface of the Earth. The two panels represent the output of different chemistry–climate models considered in the study. STE, stratospheric–tropospheric exchangeCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 10 Atmospheric degradation pathways and corresponding yields of TFA for HFCF-123 (A), HFC-134a (B) and HFO-1234yf (C) representing three generations of important CFC replacements. Approximate atmospheric lifetimes for the chemical species involved are indicated in parenthesis. Species marked by an asterisk have significant competing fates in the atmosphere [205, 206]
Fig. 10 Atmospheric degradation pathways and corresponding yields of TFA for HFCF-123 (A), HFC-134a (B) and HFO-1234yf (C) representing three generations of important CFC replacements. Approximate atmospheric lifetimes for the chemical species involved are indicated in parenthesis. Species marked by an asterisk have significant competing fates in the atmosphere [205, 206]CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 11 Atmospheric degradation of HCFO-1233zd. The OH-initiated oxidation of the product, CF3CHO, is a minor source of TFA. Based on [207] and [208]
Fig. 11 Atmospheric degradation of HCFO-1233zd. The OH-initiated oxidation of the product, CF3CHO, is a minor source of TFA. Based on [207] and [208]CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 12 Yields of TFA from selected individual chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) replacement compounds, and their estimated global emissions. Also included are selected compounds not under the purview of the Montreal Protocol and Amendments. Error bars represent both experimental uncertainties and upper and lower yield ranges due to competing reaction channels that depend on environmental conditions. Yields of TFA from individual compounds are estimated based on evaluations of the available literature as described in Online Resource SI Sect. 4. Note split scale for the emission for HFC-134a, which is much higher than those of other compounds
Fig. 12 Yields of TFA from selected individual chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) replacement compounds, and their estimated global emissions. Also included are selected compounds not under the purview of the Montreal Protocol and Amendments. Error bars represent both experimental uncertainties and upper and lower yield ranges due to competing reaction channels that depend on environmental conditions. Yields of TFA from individual compounds are estimated based on evaluations of the available literature as described in Online Resource SI Sect. 4. Note split scale for the emission for HFC-134a, which is much higher than those of other compoundsCC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 13 Concentration of trifluoroacetate in composite precipitation samples from eight sites in Germany from February 2018 to February 2020. The y-axis is on a binary logarithmic scale (log2) and the solid horizontal bar is the median, the box indicates the upper and lower quartiles, the whiskers the upper of lower quartile – or + the interquartile range × 1.5, and the data symbols are the outliers. From Fig. 27 in [220]
Fig. 13 Concentration of trifluoroacetate in composite precipitation samples from eight sites in Germany from February 2018 to February 2020. The y-axis is on a binary logarithmic scale (log2) and the solid horizontal bar is the median, the box indicates the upper and lower quartiles, the whiskers the upper of lower quartile – or + the interquartile range × 1.5, and the data symbols are the outliers. From Fig. 27 in [220]CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 14 Maximum possible annual emissions of TFA from plant protection products in Germany for active ingredients that can theoretically form TFA. Data based on mean sales volume of each of the active substances over the three years 2016, 2017 and 2018 (Figure from [259])
Fig. 14 Maximum possible annual emissions of TFA from plant protection products in Germany for active ingredients that can theoretically form TFA. Data based on mean sales volume of each of the active substances over the three years 2016, 2017 and 2018 (Figure from [259])CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 15 A log-probability cumulative frequency plot of no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) of trifluoroacetic acid salt compared to various environmental concentrations in water. The dashed vertical green line indicates the NOEC for TFA-Na salt in microcosms is a toxicology-based criterion
Fig. 15 A log-probability cumulative frequency plot of no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) of trifluoroacetic acid salt compared to various environmental concentrations in water. The dashed vertical green line indicates the NOEC for TFA-Na salt in microcosms is a toxicology-based criterionCC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

268 Not checked yet · 105 Own interpretation · 43 No basis given · 8 Supported · 6 Partly supported · 4 Own result · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured

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  • Probably not a substantial claim. 80
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 138
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 3
200 of 200

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Secondary aerosols are generated by UV-driven photochemistry.

    “This is of direct relevance to the Montreal Protocol, since secondary aerosols are generated by UV-driven photochemistry.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The hydroxyl radical is the major oxidant in the troposphere and its concentration largely determines the lifetime of many tropospheric pollutants.

    “The hydroxyl radical (OH) is the major oxidant in the troposphere and its concentration largely determines the lifetime of many tropospheric pollutants.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    OH is produced via UV-B photolysis of O3.

    “It is produced via UV-B photolysis of O3 (see Fig. 1).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    TFA is evenly distributed across all oceans when estimating 2100 ocean concentrations.

    “if evenly distributed across all oceans”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The proportions of TFA from other refrigerants in Germany can be applied to the global estimate of deposition.

    “If the proportions of TFA from other refrigerants in Germany are applied to the global estimate of deposition”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The ten-fold range used to estimate total oceanic TFA from measured concentrations is appropriate.

    “using an estimated ten-fold range”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The total known use and release of HFC-134a, HFC-143a, and HFC-227ea between 1990 and 2015 is complete for calculating the theoretical maximum TFA production.

    “From the total known use and release of HFC-134a, HFC-143a, and HFC-227ea between 1990 and 2015, the total amount of TFA that could theoretically have been produced is 4.5 × 106 tons.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The degradation half-life of TFA in the environment is very long (approximately centuries).

    “If, as seems to be the case, the half-life is likely very long (≈ centuries)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Increases in the activity of enzymes in or originating from the liver are considered as compensatory unless accompanied by physiological responses such as loss of weight.

    “Increases in the activity of enzymes in or originating from the liver are considered as compensatory unless accompanied by physiological responses such as loss of weight.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    HFOs have very short atmospheric lifespans and do not contribute to climate change.

    “Because of this, there is a trend to replace long-lived HCFCs and HFCs with HFOs, which have very short atmospheric lifespans and do not contribute to climate change.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Fugitive releases have resulted in high levels of contamination near manufacturing facilities and TFA is routinely detected in surface waters.

    “Fugitive releases have resulted in high levels of contamination near manufacturing facilities and TFA is routinely detected in surface waters.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The actual yield of TFA from pesticides is dependent on other substituents on the molecule and the primary driver(s) of degradation, so the calculated yields based on molecular weight ratios are conservative.

    “This is a conservative assumption as the actual yield of TFA is dependent on other substituents on the molecule and the primary driver(s) of degradation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Poor air quality remains a major health problem globally, despite progress in reducing anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants.

    “Poor air quality remains a major health problem globally, despite progress in reducing anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants.”
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Citations

Cites

Show all 257 references

Research works printed but not linked: 14

  1. WHO. (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines: Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Geneva: World Health Organization
  2. WHO. (2017). Evolution of WHO air quality guidelines: Past, present and future (2017). World Health Organization
  3. WHO. (2006). Air Quality guidelines: global update 2005: Particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide (Vol. EUR/05/5046029). World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe
  4. DEPA. (2015). Short-chain polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (Vol. 1707). Danish Environmental Protection Agency
  5. NICNAS. (2016). Short chain perfluorocarboxylic acids and their direct precursors: human health tier II assessment. National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS)
  6. ECCC. (2022). Canada’s great lakes strategy for PFOS, PFOA, and LC-PFCAs risk management. Environment and Climate Change Canada
  7. PubChem. (2022). Trifluoroacetic acid. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6422. Accessed 1 Jan 2022
  8. Chabot, L. (2017). ALGA, GROWTH INHIBITION TEST Effect of the trifuoroacetic acid on the growth of the unicellular alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, according to OECD guideline 201 (Study conducted for RHODIA OPERATIONS – SOLVAY). Vol. 17-005-167094. Verneuil-En-Halatte
  9. IPCC. (2021). Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press
  10. UBA. (2021). Persistent degradation products of halogenated refrigerants and blowing agents in the environment: Type, environmental concentrations, and fate with particular regard to new halogenated substitutes with low global warming potential (Vol. FB000452/ENG). Umwelt Bundesamt
  11. UBA. (2021). Reducing Chemical Input into Water Bodies – Trifluoroacetate (TFA) as a Persistent and Mobile Substance from Many Sources. Umweld Bundesampt German Environment Agency. ISSN 2363-829X
  12. UBA. (2019). Ableitung Eines Gesundheitlichen Leitwertes für Trifluoressigsäure (TFA). Umwelt Bundesampt
  13. IPCC/TEAP. (2005). Special report safeguarding the ozone layer and the global climate system: Issues related to hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; United Nations Environment Programme
  14. Vollmer, M. K., Reimann, S., Hill, M., & Brunner, D. (2020). Update to Vollmer, M. K., S. Reimann, M. Hill, D. Brunner, First observations of the fourth generation synthetic halocarbons HFC-1234yf, HFC-1234ze(E), and HCFC-1233zd(E) in the atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol, 49, 2703–2708, https://doi.org/10.1021/es505123x. https://www.empa.ch/documents/56101/190047/HFO+update+Report/fe3b26b5-fcb6-4cd9-a6f6-5c39ac01f20a. Accessed 2 July 2022 · DOI · Paper page

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Metadata

Authors
Madronich, S., Sulzberger, B., Longstreth, J. D., Schikowski, T., Andersen, M. P. S., Solomon, K. R., & Wilson, S. R.
Affiliations
  • NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
  • Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (CH)
  • Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine (DE)
  • California State University, Northridge (US)
  • University of Guelph (CA)
  • University of Wollongong (AU)
Corresponding author
  • Madronich, S.
  • Wilson, S. R.
ORCID
Venue
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-06-13
Volume
22
Issue
5
Pages
1129-1176
ISSN
  • 1474-905X (ISSN-L)
  • 1474-9092
DOI
10.1007/s43630-023-00369-6
PMC
PMC10262938
OpenAlex
W4380422192
Semantic Scholar
665b7bfcabc45131fd17451ac3d52a81ca0be6f8
Cited by
64
References
257
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 7
FWCI
7.05
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DORA Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture
  • Colorado State University
  • National Institute of Food and Agriculture (2019‐34263‐30552:, 2022‐34263‐38472)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
Keywords
tropospheric ozone, particulate matter, stratospheric ozone recovery, Montreal Protocol, ultraviolet radiation, hydroxyl radicals, methane, ozone-depleting substances, hydrofluorocarbons, hydrofluoroolefins, trifluoroacetic acid, climate change, air quality, secondary organic aerosol, ozone transport

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